ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2022
Genes and evolutionary fates of the amanitin biosynthesis pathway in poisonous mushrooms.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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11 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- The "dark magic mushroom" co-produces amatoxins and psilocybin.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Convergence and parallelism in the evolution of plant metabolism.Journal of integrative plant biology · 2026Review
- The distribution and evolution of muscarine and the ibotenic acid biosynthetic gene cluster within the genusIMA fungus · 2026Article
- Toxin Profiling ofToxins · 2025Article
- Aromatic side-chain crosslinking in RiPP biosynthesis.Nature chemical biology · 2025Review
- Review
- The evolution of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis and host-plant switches are the main drivers for diversification of Amanitaceae (Agaricales, Basidiomycota).BMC biology · 2024Article
- Engineered and total biosynthesis of fungal specialized metabolites.Nature reviews. Chemistry · 2024Review
- Identification of lethal species inFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Cytochromes P450 Associated with the Biosyntheses of Ribosomally Synthesized and Post-translationally Modified Peptides.ACS bio & med chem Au · 2023Review
- Pangenomics of the death cap mushroom Amanita phalloides, and of Agaricales, reveals dynamic evolution of toxin genes in an invasive range.The ISME journal · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The deadly toxin α-amanitin is a bicyclic octapeptide biosynthesized on ribosomes. A phylogenetically disjunct group of mushrooms in Agaricales (Amanita, Lepiota, and Galerina) synthesizes α-amanitin. This distribution of the toxin biosynthetic pathway is possibly related to the horizontal transfer of metabolic gene clusters among taxonomically unrelated mushrooms with overlapping habitats. Here, our work confirms that two biosynthetic genes, P450-29 and FMO1, are oxygenases important for amanitin biosynthesis. Phylogenetic and genetic analyses of these genes strongly support their origin through horizontal transfer, as is the case for the previously characterized biosynthetic genes MSDIN and POPB. Our analysis of multiple genomes showed that the evolution of the α-amanitin biosynthetic pathways in the poisonous agarics in the Amanita, Lepiota, and Galerina clades entailed distinct evolutionary pathways including gene family expansion, biosynthetic genes, and genomic rearrangements. Unrelated poisonous fungi produce the same deadly amanitin toxins using variations of the same pathway. Furthermore, the evolution of the amanitin biosynthetic pathway(s) in Amanita species generates a much wider range of toxic cyclic peptides. The results reported here expand our understanding of the genetics, diversity, and evolution of the toxin biosynthetic pathway in fungi.
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