ArticleThe journal of vascular access2024
Investigative study of hemodilution ratio: 4Vs for vein diameter, valve, velocity, and volumetric blood flow as factors for optimal forearm vein selection for intravenous infusion.
Article in The journal of vascular access, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of Anaesthetists guidelines: safe vascular access 2025.Anaesthesia · 2025Guideline
- A ciliated intravascular soft millirobot for multimodal in-flow collective manipulation.Science advances · 2026Article
- Real-Time Monitoring of Trastuzumab Monoclonal Antibodies Using Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Sensors.ACS sensors · 2026Article
- Comparing the Efficacy of Peripheral Vessel Cannulation Assistance Utilizing Point Localization and Pathway Visualization.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- A Novel CTC-Binding Probe: Enzymatic vs. Shear Stress-Based Detachment Approaches.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Ultrasonic disruption of circulating amyloid β aggregates via phase-change peptide nanoemulsions.Biomaterials · 2025Article
- Article
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- Physicochemical Characteristics of Antimicrobials and Practical Recommendations for Intravenous Administration: A Systematic Review.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMultimodal research and guidelines recognize veins in the forearm used for peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertion can optimize dwell time. Yet, many PIVCs are still placed in areas of flexion or suboptimal locations such as the back of the hand causing premature failure of >50%. This study identified characteristics of the forearm cephalic vein that make the anatomical location highly successful for PIVC insertion. The goal was to increase the understanding of the human vasculature in association with fluid mechanics in veins above the wrist and below the antecubital fossa. METHODOLOGY: A prospective in-vivo study with 10 consented healthy human volunteers (HHVs) was performed with Color Pulse Wave Doppler Ultrasound that captured high-resolution video and images of vein diameter, velocity of blood flow, and location of venous valves in the forearm.
resultsForearm vein diameter was not directly correlated with higher or lower Velocity of Blood Flow (0.58 cm = 3.0 cm/s). However, Volumetric Blood Flow rates tended to be lower (2.51-8.28 mL/min) with Vein Diameters smaller than 0.29 cm. Ultrasound assessments and Volumetric Blood Flow calculations confirmed natural turbulence in blood and retrograde blood reflux correlated with venous valves opening and closing. Areas of turbulence, with pulse flushing, created backflow with retrograde blood flow around and into the catheter.
conclusionsPlacement of long PIVCs in the cephalic veins of the upper forearm yield adequate flow and hemodilution capacity for veins with at least a 3 to 1 hemodilution ratio. The data from this study, along with previous research, suggest that PIVC placement in the cephalic vein, based on selection criteria, may help to reduce or eliminate intravenous complications such as chemical or mechanical thrombophlebitis causing premature catheter failure. Application of these investigational principles may result in better outcomes and catheter longevity for patients who require intravenous infusions.
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