ArticlePloS one2022
Sex differences in post-stroke cognitive decline: A population-based longitudinal study of nationally representative data.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Incidence of cognitive impairment post first stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurologyPooled it
- Article
- Gender differences in post-stroke cognitive outcomes in rehabilitation: insights from MoCA domain index scores.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Observational
- Sex differences in age-associated neurological diseases-A roadmap for reliable and high-yield research.Science advances · 2025Review
- Early elevations in arterial pressure: a contributor to rapid depressive symptom emergence in female Zucker rats with metabolic disease?Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2024Article
- Factors Affecting Level of Physical Activity among Stroke Survivors: A Scoping Review.The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS · 2024Article
- Evaluation of Rehabilitation Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Neurological Health Conditions Using a Machine Learning Approach.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2024Article
- Cardiovascular risk factors are associated with cognitive trajectory in the first year after stroke.Cerebral circulation - cognition and behavior · 2024Article
- The Impact of Post-Stroke Depressive Symptoms on Cognitive Performance in Women and in Men: A 4 Month Prospective Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Influence of Age, Gender and Education Level on Executive Functions and Functioning in People with Stroke.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Sex Differences in the Evaluation and Treatment of Stroke.Handbook of experimental pharmacology · 2023Review
- Stroke in Women: A Review Focused on Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Outcomes.Journal of stroke · 2023Review
- Early post-stroke cognitive impairment and in-hospital predicting factors among stroke survivors in Ethiopia.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Is the female sex associated with an increased risk for long-term cognitive decline after the first-ever lacunar stroke? Prospective study on small vessel disease cohort.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
- How do cardiovascular risk factors correlate with post-stroke cognitive function: Directly or indirectly through stroke severity?Frontiers in neurology · 2022Article
- Post-stroke cognitive decline among women in midlife.Women's health (London, England)Observational
- Predicting post-stroke dementia using sex-specific risk factors: Development of an interpretable clinical scoring tool.Alzheimer's & dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands)Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSex differences in post-stroke cognitive decline have not been systematically evaluated in a nationally representative cohort. We use a quasi-experimental design to investigate sex differences in rate of post-stroke cognitive decline.
methodsUtilizing the event study design, we use the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) data (1996-2016) to evaluate the differences (percentage points [95% Confidence interval]) in the rate of change in cognitive function, measured using the modified version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS-m) score, before and after incident stroke, and among patients with and without incident stroke. We estimated this event study model for the overall study population and separately fit the same model for male and female participants.
resultsOf 25,872 HRS participants included in our study, 14,459 (55.9%) were females with an overall mean age (SD) of 61.2 (9.3) years. Overall, 2,911 (11.3%) participants reported experiencing incident stroke. Participants with incident stroke (vs. no stroke) had lower baseline TICS-m score (15.6 vs. 16.1). Among participants with incident stroke, the mean pre-stroke TICS-m score was higher than the mean post-stroke TICS-m score (14.9 vs. 12.7). Event study revealed a significant short-term acceleration of cognitive decline for the overall population (4.2 [1.7-6.6] percentage points, p value = 0.001) and among female participants (5.0 [1.7-8.3] percentage points, p value = 0.003). We, however, found no evidence of long-term acceleration of cognitive decline after stroke. Moreover, among males, incident stroke was not associated with significant changes in rate of post-stroke cognitive decline.
conclusionFemales, in contrast to males, experience post-stroke cognitive deficits, particularly during early post-stroke period. Identifying the sex-specific stroke characteristics contributing to differences in post stroke cognitive decline may inform future strategies for reducing the burden of post-stroke cognitive impairment and dementia.
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