Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35521893›Full record

ArticleMedical and veterinary entomology2022

Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the density of Borrelia burgdorferi-infected Ixodes ricinus ticks across a landscape: A 5-year study in southern England.

Jolyon M Medlock, Alexander G C Vaux, Sara Gandy, Benjamin Cull, Liz McGinley, Emma Gillingham, Matthew Catton, Steven T Pullan, Kayleigh M Hansford

Open access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Medical and veterinary entomology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
16citing papers in PubMed
3.0field-weighted citation impact, top 9% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

16 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Prevalence ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
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  6. Spatiotemporal and tissue-specific dynamics of bacterial communities in adult femaleFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026
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  11. Occurrence and prevalence of host-seekingCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2025
    Article
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  14. Two decades of research onFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024
    Article
  15. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Jolyon M MedlockMedical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology Group, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
Alexander G C VauxMedical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology Group, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-2463-5660
Sara GandyMedical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology Group, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
Benjamin CullMedical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology Group, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-6814-5669
Liz McGinleyMedical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology Group, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
Emma GillinghamMedical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology Group, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
Matthew CattonMedical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology Group, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
Steven T PullanDiagnostic & Genomic Technologies, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
Kayleigh M HansfordMedical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology Group, UK Health Security Agency, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
Environment Agency · GB

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The density of Borrelia burgdorferi-infected Ixodes ricinus nymphs (DIN) was investigated during 2013-2017 across a Lyme disease-endemic landscape in southern England. The density of nymphs (DON), nymph infection prevalence (NIP), and DIN varied across five different natural habitats, with the highest DIN in woodland edge and high biodiversity woodlands. DIN was significantly lower in scrub grassland compared to the woodland edge, with low DON and no evidence of infection in ticks in non-scrub grassland. Over the 5 years, DON, NIP and DIN were comparable within habitats, except in 2014, with NIP varying three-fold and DIN significantly lower compared to 2015-2017. Borrelia garinii was most common, with bird-associated Borrelia (B. garinii/valaisiana) accounting for ~70% of all typed sequences. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto was more common than B. afzelii. Borrelia afzelii was more common in scrub grassland than woodland and absent in some years. The possible impact of scrub on grazed grassland, management of ecotonal woodland margins with public access, and the possible role of birds/gamebirds impacting NIP are discussed. Mean NIP was 7.6%, highlighting the potential risk posed by B. burgdorferi in this endemic area. There is a need for continued research to understand its complex ecology and identify strategies for minimizing risk to public health, through habitat/game management and public awareness.

Indexed as

BorreliaBorrelia burgdorferiBorrelia burgdorferi GroupIxodesLyme DiseaseAnimalsNymphBorreliosisecologyhabitatLymeUKwoodland

Identifiers

PMID35521893
PMCPMC9545817
OpenAlexW4229058066

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.