High-resolution 3D Fourier ptychographic reconstruction using a hemispherical illumination source with multiplexed-coded strategy.

Fourier ptychography is a promising and flexible imaging technique that can achieve 2D quantitative reconstruction with higher resolution beyond the limitation of the system. Meanwhile, by using different imaging models, the same platform can be applied to achieve 3D refractive index reconstruction. To improve the illumination NA as much as possible while reducing the intensity attenuation problem caused by the LED board used in the traditional FP platform, we apply a hemispherical lighting structure and design a new LED arrangement according to 3D Fourier diffraction theory. Therefore, we could obtain the illumination of 0.98NA using 187 LEDs and achieve imaging half-pitch resolutions of ∼174 nm and ∼524 nm for the lateral and axial directions respectively, using a 40×/0.6NA objective lens. Furthermore, to reduce the number of captured images required and realize real-time data collection, we apply the multiplexed-coded illumination strategy and compare several coded patterns through simulation and experiment. Through comparison, we determined a radial-coded illumination pattern that could achieve more similar results as sequential scanning and increase the acquisition speed to above 1 Hz. Therefore, this paper provides the possibility of this technique in real-time 3D observation of