ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2022
The moderating role of partners' education on early antenatal care in northern Ghana.
Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Spatial variation and distribution of anaemia among children aged 6-59 months in Madagascar: a population-based cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Why Do First Time Mothers in Sub-Saharan Africa Delay Their First Antenatal Care Visit? Evidence From Demographic and Health Surveys (2019-2022) From 18 Countries-A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Multilevel and subnational analysis of the predictors of maternity continuum of care completion in Nigeria: a cross-sectional survey.Scientific reports · 2023Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundEarly antenatal care (ANC) is essential for improving maternal and child health outcomes. The primary aims of this study were to 1) estimate the association between partners' education attainment and early ANC, and 2) determine whether partners' level of education modified the relationship between mothers' education, mothers' age, planned pregnancy, employment status and early ANC.
methodsData were obtained from a cross-sectional study conducted from April to May 2021 among 519 mothers with a live birth in the past year in the Nabdam district in the Upper East Region in northern Ghana. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess whether partners' level of education modified the relationship between mothers' education, mothers' age, planned pregnancy, employment status and early ANC. Effect modification was assessed on the additive and multiplicative scales using adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals.
resultsMothers whose partners had secondary or higher education had a 26% higher prevalence of early ANC compared to mothers whose partners had less than a secondary level of education (aPR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.05,1.51). There was evidence of effect modification by partners' education on the relationship between planned pregnancy and early ANC on both the additive (Relative excess risk due to interaction [RERI]: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.07,0.99), and multiplicative (ratio of PRs: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.01,2.70) scales. Among mothers whose partners had less than secondary education, mothers who had teenage pregnancy (i.e., aged 18-19 years old during pregnancy) were less likely to have early ANC compared to those who did not have teenage pregnancy (aPR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.53,0.97). Among mothers whose partners had a secondary or higher education, early ANC was more prevalent among employed mothers compared to those who were unemployed (aPR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.02,1.57).
conclusionsOur findings suggest that whilst mothers whose partners had a secondary or higher education were more likely to initiate early ANC, supporting such women to plan their pregnancies can further increase the coverage of early ANC.
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