ReviewEuropean journal of radiology2022
Axillary lymph node characteristics in breast cancer patients versus post-COVID-19 vaccination: Overview of current evidence per imaging modality.
Review in European journal of radiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hybrid diagnostic framework for bone cancer detection using deep learning and radiomics analysis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Axillary Lymphadenopathy after COVID-19 Vaccination: Follow-up for Enlarged Lymph Nodes on MR Imaging.Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · 2025Article
- Efficacy of ultrasonography and mammography in detecting features of breast cancer.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Examination of iatrogenic FDG accumulation after COVID-19 vaccination.Annals of nuclear medicine · 2024Article
- Dual-Energy CT Material Decomposition: The Value in the Detection of Lymph Node Metastasis from Breast Cancer.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Axillary lymph nodes enlargement after Sars-CoV-2 vaccine in patients undergoing breast examination: a single-centre experience in 285 women.La Radiologia medica · 2023Article
- [Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Contrast-enhanced lymphatic US can improve the preoperative diagnostic performance for sentinel lymph nodes in early breast cancer.European radiology · 2023Article
- Pathological Findings in COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 Vaccine-Associated Lymphadenopathy: A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Imaging of axillary lymph nodes in the COVID-19 era: A lesson to be learned.European journal of radiology · 2022Article
- Oncology and cardiology positron emission tomography/computed tomography faced with COVID-19: A review of available literature data.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAxillary lymph node characteristics on axillary ultrasound (US), breast MRI and 18F-FDG PET/CT are relevant at breast cancer diagnosis. Axillary lymphadenopathy after COVID-19 vaccination has been frequently reported. This may cause a diagnostic dilemma, particularly in the ipsilateral axilla in women who have a either a recent diagnosis of breast cancer or a history of breast cancer. This review provides an overview of the current evidence regarding axillary lymph node characteristics at breast cancer diagnosis versus "post-COVID-19 vaccination".
methodsA non-systematic narrative review was performed. Studies describing axillary lymph node characteristics per imaging modality (axillary US, breast MRI and 18F-FDG PET/CT) in breast cancer patients versus post-COVID-19 vaccination were selected and used for the current study.
resultsThe morphologic characteristics and distribution of abnormal nodes on US may differ from the appearance of metastatic adenopathy since diffuse cortical thickening of the lymph nodes is the most observed characteristic after vaccination, whereas metastases show as most suspicious characteristics focal cortical thickening and effacement of the fatty hilum. Current evidence on MRI and 18F-FDG on morphologic characteristics of axillary lymphadenopathy is missing, although it was suggested that vaccine related lymphadenopathy is more likely to be present in level 2 and 3 nodes than metastatic nodes. Reported frequencies of lymphadenopathy post-COVID-19 vaccination range from 49% to 85% (US), 29% (breast MRI) and 14.5% to 53.9% (18F-FDG PET/CT). Several factors may impact the presence or extent of lymphadenopathy post-COVID-19 vaccination: injection site, type of vaccine (i.e., mRNA versus vector), time interval (days) between vaccination and imaging, previous history of COVID-19 pneumonia, and first versus second vaccine dose.
conclusionAlthough lymph node characteristics differ at breast cancer diagnosis versus post-COVID-19 vaccination, clinical information regarding injection site, vaccine type and vaccination date needs to be documented to improve the interpretation and guide treatment towards the next steps of action.
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