ReviewThe Journal of experimental medicine2022
The X in seX-biased immunity and autoimmune rheumatic disease.
Review in The Journal of experimental medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sex-specific autosomal susceptibility loci in systemic sclerosis: a genome-wide association study.The Lancet. Rheumatology · 2026Pooled it
- Molecular mechanisms and risk factors in rheumatoid arthritis: a comprehensive review.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Sex differences in urinary extracellular vesicles originating from the genitourinary system in health and disease.American journal of physiology. Renal physiology · 2026Review
- Sex, Sex Hormones and Inflammatory Burden and Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Spondyloarthritis.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Female mice with a Xist deletion in B cells can develop lupus-associated phenotypes.Cell reports · 2026Article
- The X Factor in Immunity: Sex Differences Shaped by the X Chromosome.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- IL-36 mediates immune activation in Sjögren's disease and may represent a novel biomarker of disease.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2026Article
- Knowledge gaps and research priorities to understand sex differences in immunity.PLoS biology · 2026Review
- Hormonal risk factors and androgen and glucocorticoid dysregulation in Sjogren's disease and non-Sjogren's sicca.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Investigating Dysregulated X Chromosome Inactivation in Human B Cells and Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells by RNA FISH.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- TLR7 and TLR9 have overlapping but distinct roles in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The sex-biased chromatin modifier SMC1A promotes autoimmunity by shaping inflammatory pathways in patients with SLE.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Escape From X Chromosome Inactivation as a Driver of Plasmacytoid DC Heterogeneity in Health and Disease.Immunological reviews · 2025Review
- Neutrophils are key modulators of sex differences in LPS-induced shock in mice.Blood vessels, thrombosis & hemostasis · 2025Article
- Pain in systemic lupus erythematosus: emerging insights and paradigms.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2025Review
- X-linked transcriptome dysregulation across immune cells in systemic lupus erythematosus.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- XIST Loss Induces Variable Transcriptional Responses Dependent on Cell States.Non-coding RNA · 2025Article
- Understanding Sex Differences in Autoimmune Diseases: Immunologic Mechanisms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Sex Bias in Systemic Sclerosis: from Clinical to Immunological Differences.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- The Inactive X Chromosome: A Genetic Driver of Female-Biased Rheumatic Autoimmune Disorders?European journal of immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in the composition and function of the human immune system has important clinical implications, as males and females differ in their susceptibility to infectious diseases, cancers, and especially systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Both sex hormones and the X chromosome, which bears a number of immune-related genes, play critical roles in establishing the molecular basis for the observed sex differences in immune function and dysfunction. Here, we review our current understanding of sex differences in immune composition and function in health and disease, with a specific focus on the contribution of the X chromosome to the striking female bias of three autoimmune rheumatic diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.