SynthesisPhysiological reports2022
The effect of non-oral hormonal contraceptives on hypertension and blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Physiological reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- The effect of non-oral hormonal contraceptives on hypertension and blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Physiological reports · 2022Pooled it
- Oral contraceptive-associated hypertension as an under-recognized contributor to secondary and apparent resistant hypertension: agent-specific blood pressure liability, RAAS testing pitfalls, and practical assessment.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2026Review
- Retrospective case-control study of pre-diagnosis observational and prescription data in Parkinson's disease.Scientific reports · 2026Observational
- Challenges and knowledge gaps in sex differences in cardio-kidney-metabolic syndrome across the lifespan.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Sociodemographic determinants and prevalence of metabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome among women aged 20-49 in kirinyaga county, Kenya.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2026Article
- Menopause Hormone Therapy in Women With Cardiovascular Risk Factors or Established Ischemic Heart Disease: A Joint FIGO and WHF Position Paper.Global heart · 2026Review
- Elevated blood pressure, stroke volume, and vascular tone in young women who use oral contraception.International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology · 2025Article
- Changes in Canadian contraceptive choices: results of a national survey on hormonal contraceptive use.BMC women's health · 2025Article
- Moderate Associations Between the Use of Levonorgestrel-releasing Intrauterine Device and Metabolomics Profile.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Hormonal contraceptive use among women living with hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa: insights from 12 countries.BMC research notes · 2024Article
- Review
- Contraception for All Conceivable Occasions: The CKD Care Gap.Kidney medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Oral contraceptives (OC) are associated with increased risk of hypertension and elevated blood pressure (BP). Whether non-oral hormonal contraceptives have similar associations is unknown. We sought to investigate the effect of non-oral hormonal contraceptive (NOHC) use on the risk of hypertension and changes in BP, compared to non-hormonal contraceptive and OC use. We searched bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) until August 2020. Studies reporting risk of hypertension or changes in systolic and diastolic BP with NOHC use compared with either non-hormonal contraceptive or OC use. Abstract screening, full-text review, data extraction, and quality assessment were completed in duplicate. For studies reporting dichotomous outcomes, we reported results as relative risk with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A random-effects model was used to estimate pooled weighted mean difference and 95% CI of change in BP. Twenty-five studies were included. A lower incidence of hypertension was observed with injectable contraceptive use compared to non-hormonal contraceptive and OC use, although it was unclear if this was statistically significant. Compared to non-hormonal contraceptive use, injectable contraceptive use was associated with increased BP (SBP: 3.24 mmHg, 95%CI 2.49 to 3.98 mmHg; DBP: 3.15 mmHg, 95%CI 0.09 to 6.20 mmHg), the hormonal intra-uterine device use was associated with reduced BP (SBP: -4.50 mmHg, 95%CI -8.44 to -0.57 mmHg; DBP: -7.48 mmHg, 95% -14.90 to -0.05 mmHg), and the vaginal ring was associated with reduced diastolic BP (-3.90 mmHg, 95%CI -6.67 to -1.13 mmHg). Compared to OC use, the injectable contraceptive use was associated with increased diastolic BP (2.38 mmHg, 95%CI 0.39 to 4.38 mmHg). NOHC use is associated with changes in BP which differ by type and route of administration. Given the strong association between incremental increases in BP and cardiovascular risk, prospective studies are required.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.