ReviewPneumonia (Nathan Qld.)2022
Multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacterial pneumonia: etiology, risk factors, and drug resistance patterns.
Review in Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- Management of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Caused byMedicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Trial
- Real-World Effectiveness of Ceftazidime-Avibactam for Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Pneumonia, Time-Stratified Risk Factors for Short- and Long-Term Mortality, and Inpatient Costs: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- CRISPR/Cas system as a novel therapeutic strategy to combat multi-drug-resistant bacteria.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Review of risk factors and prediction models for multidrug-resistant bacterial pulmonary infections in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Review
- Sulbactam-Durlobactam in the Treatment of Multidrug-ResistantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Challenges and opportunities in the management of severe pneumonia. Key concepts from the Seventh Annual Meeting of Spanish Experts 2025.Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia · 2026Review
- Machine learning prediction of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative pneumonia: a clinical-genomic integrated model.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- The Influence of COVID-19 on the Composition and Drug Resistance of Pleural Effusion in Shandong Province.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Article
- Fatal multi-drug-resistant gram-negative bacterial pneumonia among adults hospitalized àt Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda: an autopsy study.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2026Article
- The TamA protein as a subunit vaccine improves immune protection against highly virulentCurrent research in microbial sciences · 2026Article
- A New Preview of Antibiotic-resistant Spectrum in Community-acquired Pneumonia: A Cross-Sectional Study from Iraq.The open respiratory medicine journal · 2026Article
- Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Carbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Pneumonia in Immunocompromised ICU Patients: A Retrospective Study.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- Analysis of microorganisms isolated from tracheal aspirate cultures and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles: a retrospective study from 2018 to 2022.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Timing of nebulized colistimethate sodium following bronchodilator airway conditioning in hospital-acquired pneumonia: a target trial emulation study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Lung dysbiosis disrupts an FFAR2-mediated innate immune circuit againstTheranostics · 2026Article
- In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of Polymyxin B Aerosol Delivery in Adult Mechanical Ventilation.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Adherence to national pediatric antibiotic prescription guideline for pneumonia treatment of children 2-59 months: a retrospective chart review at a regional hospital in Rwanda.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- The Burden of Hospitalization Due toHealth science reports · 2025Review
- Revolutionizing antibiotic therapy: Polymyxin B and FeJournal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2025Article
- Comprehensive Strategies for Prevention and Management of Antimicrobial Resistance in Respiratory Infections.Respirology (Carlton, Vic.) · 2025Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia is one of the most serious public health issues owing to its medical and economic costs, which result in increased morbidity and mortality in people of all ages around the world. Furthermore, antimicrobial resistance has risen over time, and the advent of multi-drug resistance in GNB complicates therapy and has a detrimental impact on patient outcomes. The current review aimed to summarize bacterial pneumonia with an emphasis on gram-negative etiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, resistance mechanisms, treatment updates, and vaccine concerns to tackle the problem before it causes a serious consequence. In conclusion, the global prevalence of GNB in CAP was reported 49.7% to 83.1%, whereas in VAP patients ranged between 76.13% to 95.3%. The most commonly reported MDR-GNB causes of pneumonia were A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa, with A. baumannii isolated particularly in VAP patients and the elderly. In most studies, ampicillin, tetracyclines, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cephalosporins, and carbapenems were shown to be highly resistant. Prior MDR-GNB infection, older age, previous use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, high frequency of local antibiotic resistance, prolonged hospital stays, ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, and immunosuppression are associated with the MDR-GNB colonization. S. maltophilia was reported as a severe cause of HAP/VAP in patients with mechanically ventilated and having hematologic malignancy due to its ability of biofilm formation, site adhesion in respiratory devices, and its intrinsic and acquired drug resistance mechanisms. Effective combination therapies targeting PDR strains and drug-resistant genes, antibiofilm agents, gene-based vaccinations, and pathogen-specific lymphocytes should be developed in the future.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.