ReviewEuropean respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society2022
Toll-like receptor-agonist-based therapies for respiratory viral diseases: thinking outside the cell.
Review in European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- A developmentally informed narrative review of Toll-like receptors in adult and pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome.Annals of translational medicine · 2026Review
- A targeted antioxidant nanomedicine regulates mitochondrial ROS and antiviral immunity in rhinovirus-infected human bronchial epithelial cells.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Inhaled pattern recognition receptor agonists promote inducible epithelial resistance against murine betacoronavirus disease.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2026Article
- In silico design of a novel multi-epitope mRNA vaccine candidate for BtHKU5-CoV-2 using immunoinformatics.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Relationships of Upper respiratory tract infections and holistic diets and lifestyles in Northeast China.BMC nutrition · 2025Article
- Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) Expression and Activation in COVID-19 and Long COVID: From SARS-CoV-2 Escape Mechanisms to Emerging PRR-Targeted Immunotherapies.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Immune Responses of Dendritic Cells to Zoonotic DNA and RNA Viruses.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- Biological mechanisms and therapeutic prospects of interleukin-33 in pathogenesis and treatment of allergic disease.Journal of inflammation (London, England) · 2025Review
- The Importance of Lung Innate Immunity During Health and Disease.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- A bioinformatic analysis to systematically unveil shared pathways and molecular mechanisms underlying monkeypox and its predominant neurological manifestations.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Evaluation of intranasal TLR2/6 agonist INNA-051: safety, tolerability and proof of pharmacology.ERJ open research · 2024Article
- Host Innate Antiviral Response to Influenza A Virus Infection: From Viral Sensing to Antagonism and Escape.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Advances in protein subunit vaccines against H1N1/09 influenza.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Regulation of immune responses to infection through interaction between stem cell-derived exosomes and toll-like receptors mediated by microRNA cargoes.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- Toll-like receptor 7 and RIG-I-like receptors expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of naïve patients with hepatitis C.BMC research notes · 2023Article
- Differential immunophenotype of circulating monocytes from pregnant women in response to viral ligands.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Article
- Protective Efficacy of a Mucosal Influenza Vaccine Formulation Based on the Recombinant Nucleoprotein Co-Administered with a TLR2/6 Agonist BPPcysMPEG.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Low-Dose Lipopolysaccharide Protects from Lethal Paramyxovirus Infection in a Macrophage- and TLR4-Dependent Process.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2023Article
- Blood leukocyte transcriptional modules and differentially expressed genes associated with disease severity and age in COVID-19 patients.Scientific reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Respiratory virus infections initiate in the upper respiratory tract (URT). Innate immunity is critical for initial control of infection at this site, particularly in the absence of mucosal virus-neutralising antibodies. If the innate immune response is inadequate, infection can spread to the lower respiratory tract (LRT) causing community-acquired pneumonia (as exemplified by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/coronavirus disease 2019). Vaccines for respiratory viruses (influenza and SARS-CoV-2) leverage systemic adaptive immunity to protect from severe lung disease. However, the URT remains vulnerable to infection, enabling viral transmission and posing an ongoing risk of severe disease in populations that lack effective adaptive immunity.Innate immunity is triggered by host cell recognition of viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.