ReviewCureus2022
Opportunistic Infections in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Review in Cureus, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Patient Safety Implications of Opportunistic Pathogens and Healthcare-Associated Infections in COVID-19 Patients: A Narrative Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- Medical care cost dynamics during COVID-19 pandemic: financial implications for Japanese health insurance system.Health economics review · 2026Article
- Infrared Spectroscopy as a Promising Tool for Diagnosing and Typing Human Pathogenic Fungi.Mycoses · 2026Review
- Genomic Characterization of Carbapenem-ResistantMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Design and Synthesis of Hybrid Compounds for Potential Treatment of Bacterial Co-Infections: In Vitro Antibacterial and In Silico Studies.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Post-COVID-19 tuberculosis in southeastern Spain: incidence, risk factors and the role of latent tuberculosis infection screening.Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia · 2025Article
- Mathematical modelling and analysis for the co-infection of viral and bacterial diseases: a systematic review protocol.BMJ open · 2024Article
- Bacterial Infections, Trends, and Resistance Patterns in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Romania-A Systematic Review.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Fungal coinfection/superinfection in COVID-19 patients in a tertiary hospital in MexicoBiomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud · 2024Article
- Risk Factors forJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Identification of Histopathological Biomarkers in Fatal Cases of Coronavirus Disease: A Study on Lung Tissue.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Changing Trends in the Incidence and Clinical Features ofLife (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Vaccines and therapeutics for immunocompromised patients with COVID-19.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Review
- Leading Pathogens Involved in Co-Infection and Super-Infection with COVID-19: Forensic Medicine Considerations after a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Bloodstream Infections with Opportunistic Pathogens in COVID-19 Era: A Real Challenge Necessitates Stringent Infection Control.Journal of laboratory physicians · 2023Article
- Atypical herpetic ulcerations in COVID-19 positive patients: A report of three cases.Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology · 2023Article
- Risk factors and effect on mortality of superinfections in a newly established COVID-19 respiratory sub-intensive care unit at University Hospital in Rome.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2023Article
- Super-infection by multiple microorganisms in COVID-19 patients.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2023Article
- Prevalence and mortality rate of healthcare-associated infections among COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cohort community-based approach.Frontiers in public health · 2023Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The prevalence, incidence, and characteristics of bacterial infections in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 are not well understood and have been raised as an important knowledge gap. Therefore, our study focused on the most common opportunistic infections/secondary infections/superinfections in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Eligible studies were identified using PubMed/Medline since inception to June 25, 2021. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were selected. Statistical analysis was conducted in Review Manager 5.4.1. A random-effect model was used when heterogeneity was seen to pool the studies, and the result was reported as inverse variance and the corresponding 95% confidence interval. We screened 701 articles comprising 22 cohort studies which were included for analysis. The pooled prevalence of opportunistic infections/secondary infections/superinfections was 16% in COVID-19 patients. The highest prevalence of secondary infections was observed among viruses at 33%, followed by bacteria at 16%, fungi at 6%, and 25% among the miscellaneous group/wrong outcome. Opportunistic infections are more prevalent in critically ill patients. The isolated pathogens included Epstein-Barr virus,
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.