ReviewInfectious diseases and therapy2022
Legionnaires' Disease: Update on Diagnosis and Treatment.
Review in Infectious diseases and therapy, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
81 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 135 citations in OpenAlex.
- Therapeutical strategies in cavitary legionnaires' disease, two cases from the field and a systematic review.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2023Pooled it
- Impact of Climate Change on Legionnaire's Disease: A Systematic Review.In vivo (Athens, Greece)Pooled it
- Article
- Proteome-Wide Reverse Vaccinology and Immunoinformatics-Guided Design of a Multi-Epitope Vaccine AgainstInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- MixedInfectious disease reports · 2026Article
- Comorbidity Burden and Radiological Features Associated withPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Environmental Investigations of Travel-Associated Legionnaires' Disease Cases: Timeliness, Microbiological Findings, and Public Health Response.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Quantitative interpretation models for targeted next-generation sequencing in lower respiratory tract infections: a multicenter prospective study.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Triggered byClinical case reports · 2026Article
- Characteristics of Legionnaires' Disease Cases Hospitalized at a Specialized Infectious Disease Hospital, 2023-2024, with a Focus on Clusters Associated with Travel to a Spa Resort.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Legionella Pneumonia Associated With Rhabdomyolysis and Acute Renal Failure: A Case Report.Cureus · 2026Article
- Regulatory frameworks for Legionella control in Australia: a scoping review of public health legislation and policy with New Zealand comparison.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Monotherapy versus combination therapy in severe Legionella pneumonia: a multicenter retrospective observational study.Critical care (London, England) · 2026Observational
- Role of Next-Generation Sequencing in Excluding the Nosocomial Origin of a Case of Legionnaires' Disease Integrating Environmental Surveillance and Clinical Diagnosis.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- A case of severeRespiratory medicine case reports · 2026Article
- Review
- Article
- The spectrum of legionnaires' disease: a case series illustrating clinical diversity and outcomes.AME case reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Clinical characteristics and outcomes of severeFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Legionellosis is the infection caused by bacteria of the genus Legionella, including a non-pneumonic influenza-like syndrome, and Legionnaires' disease is a more serious illness characterized by pneumonia. Legionellosis is becoming increasingly important as a public health problem throughout the world; although it is an underreported disease, studies have consistently documented a high incidence. In addition, health costs associated with the disease are high. Diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease is based mainly on the detection of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen in urine. However, there have been advances in detection tests for patients with legionellosis. New methodologies show greater sensitivity and specificity, detect more species and serogroups of Legionella spp., and have the potential for use in epidemiological studies. Testing for Legionella spp. is recommended at hospital admission for severe community-acquired pneumonia, and antibiotics directed against Legionella spp. should be included early as empirical therapy. Inadequate or delayed antibiotic treatment in Legionella pneumonia has been associated with a worse prognosis. Either a fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin or moxifloxacin) or a macrolide (azithromycin preferred) is the recommended first-line therapy for Legionnaires' disease; however, little information is available regarding adverse events or complications, or about the duration of antibiotic therapy and its association with clinical outcomes. Most published studies evaluating antibiotic treatment for Legionnaires' disease are observational and consequently susceptible to bias and confounding. Well-designed studies are needed to assess the usefulness of diagnostic tests regarding clinical outcomes, as well as randomized trials comparing fluoroquinolones and macrolides or combination therapy that evaluate outcomes and adverse events.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.