ReviewJournal of sleep research2022
The two-process model of sleep regulation: Beginnings and outlook.
Review in Journal of sleep research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 98 papers.
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Who cites it
98 citing papers in PubMed, 171 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Effect of a multimodal exercise training program on sleep in older adults: a randomized controlled trial.Brazilian journal of physical therapyTrial
- Sleep disturbances after an ultra-trail endurance race: a field study.Sleep medicine: X · 2026Article
- Repeated morphine reorganizes sleep-wake states, cortical and central medial thalamic oscillations, and network synchronization in mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Sleep duration and compliance with sleep recommendations among Brazilian children and adolescents: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Jornal de pediatria · 2026Review
- Invertebrate brains as diversified models for understanding sleep mechanisms and function.Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology · 2026Review
- Article
- The sleep-wake cycle: molecular mechanisms, disorders, and therapeutic targets in the context of energy metabolism.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Genetic architecture of a Circadian Imbalance Index: genome-wide association, phenome-wide association, and Mendelian randomisation analyses.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- The Cognitive Costs of Sleep Deprivation in Ultra-Endurance Cycling: Insights From the Race Across France.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- Time-of-Day Variations and Effects of Total Sleep Deprivation on Attention Assessed with the Attentional Demands Task.Clocks & sleep · 2026Article
- Diurnal Variations and Test-Retest Reliability of Resting-State Functional MRI Metrics.Human brain mapping · 2026Article
- Associations between habitual light exposure-related behaviors and sleep timing and sleep complaints in an international community sample.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Human data at odds and in confirmation of the two-process model of sleep regulation-a perspective.Npj biological timing and sleep · 2026Review
- JACUZI-SD: An automated, high-throughput, minimally stressful approach to sleep depriving larval zebrafish.iScience · 2026Article
- Neurophysiology of Sleep-Deprivation Part 1: Effects of Sleep-Deprivation on Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)-Systematic and Mechanistic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Rotator cuff injury disrupts sleep architecture in mice and exhibits a light-dark phase-dependent pattern.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2026Article
- Age-related differences in circadian timing system and sleep quality in young and older lifelong endurance runners.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Beyond composite scores in chronotype assessment: item-level predictive patterns in the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire.Scientific reports · 2026Observational
- Temporal Dynamics of Sleep During Bright-Light Therapy for Depression and Their Relation to Symptom Improvement.Clocks & sleep · 2026Article
38 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The two-process model serves as a major conceptual framework in sleep science. Although dating back more than four decades, it has not lost its relevance for research today. Retracing its origins, I describe how animal experiments aimed at exploring the oscillators driving the circadian sleep-wake rhythm led to the recognition of gradients of sleep states within the daily sleep period. Advances in signal analysis revealed that the level of slow-wave activity in non-rapid eye movement sleep electroencephalogram is high at the beginning of the 12-light period and then declines. After sleep deprivation, the level of slow-wave activity is enhanced. By scheduling recovery sleep to the animal's activity period, the conflict between the sleep-wake-dependent and the circadian influence resulted in a two-stage recovery pattern. These experiments provided the basis for the first version of the two-process model. Sleep deprivation experiments in humans showed that the decline of slow-wave activity during sleep is exponential. The two-process model posits that a sleep-wake-dependent homeostatic process (Process S) interacts with a process controlled by the circadian pacemaker (Process C). At present, homeostatic and circadian facets of sleep regulation are being investigated at the synaptic level as well as in the transcriptome and proteome domains. The notion of sleep has been extended from a global phenomenon to local representations, while the master circadian pacemaker has been supplemented by multiple peripheral oscillators. The original interpretation that the emergence of sleep may be viewed as an escape from the rigid control imposed by the circadian pacemaker is still upheld.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.