ArticleBMC medical research methodology2022
A tutorial on the case time series design for small-area analysis.
Article in BMC medical research methodology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed.
- Spatial Heterogeneity in Heat-Related Mortality in the Valencian Region: Implications for Climate Adaptation Beyond Administrative Boundaries.GeoHealth · 2026Article
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- Extreme heat and cause-specific risk of hospital admission in the adult population in England: a case time series analysis.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Assessing Intraurban Variation in Heat-Attributable Health Burden to Inform Local Interventions.GeoHealth · 2026Article
- Seasonality and effects of climatic exposures on community-acquired Legionnaires' disease incidence, Italy, 2005 to 2023.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
- Heat waves and annual mortality among older adults (aged ≥65 years) in the USA.The Lancet. Planetary health · 2026Article
- Help-Seeking Patterns during Weather Events: 2-1-1 Service Calls among Service-Connected Unhoused Populations in Louisiana from 2014 to 2023.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- Greening mitigates heat-related mortality in Paris.npj urban sustainability · 2026Article
- Temperature extremes contribute to suicide-related help-seeking through multiple pathways: Evidence from crisis hotline data (2019-2023).PLOS mental health · 2026Article
- Spatial analysis of environmental and socioeconomic factors impacting maternal and infant health outcomes in North Carolina.Journal of environmental studies and sciences · 2026Article
- Extreme heat disproportionately increases severe road traffic crashes in high conflict settings and among vulnerable road users in California.Discover cities · 2026Article
- The risk of hospitalization associated with foehn winds and temperature in the mountainous region of Switzerland.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Mortality risk and burden associated with non-optimum temperatures in Puerto Rico.Environmental research letters : ERL [Web site] · 2025Article
- COVID-19 pandemic as an effect modifier on the association between elevated temperatures and emergency department visits: A case-time-series study in a large population.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Individual and city-level variations in heat-related road traffic deaths in Latin America.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Individual and city-level variations in heat-related road traffic deaths in Latin America.Nature cities · 2025Article
- Article
- Global warming may increase the burden of obstructive sleep apnea.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Comparing the Role of Relative and Absolute Humidity in Heat-Related Mortality: A Case Time-Series Study in South Korea.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Estimating Heat-Related Mortality Burden Changes under Type-Specific Green and Blue Space Scenarios in China.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
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Abstract
backgroundThe increased availability of data on health outcomes and risk factors collected at fine geographical resolution is one of the main reasons for the rising popularity of epidemiological analyses conducted at small-area level. However, this rich data setting poses important methodological issues related to modelling complexities and computational demands, as well as the linkage and harmonisation of data collected at different geographical levels.
methodsThis tutorial illustrated the extension of the case time series design, originally proposed for individual-level analyses on short-term associations with time-varying exposures, for applications using data aggregated over small geographical areas. The case time series design embeds the longitudinal structure of time series data within the self-matched framework of case-only methods, offering a flexible and highly adaptable analytical tool. The methodology is well suited for modelling complex temporal relationships, and it provides an efficient computational scheme for large datasets including longitudinal measurements collected at a fine geographical level.
resultsThe application of the case time series for small-area analyses is demonstrated using a real-data case study to assess the mortality risks associated with high temperature in the summers of 2006 and 2013 in London, UK. The example makes use of information on individual deaths, temperature, and socio-economic characteristics collected at different geographical levels. The tutorial describes the various steps of the analysis, namely the definition of the case time series structure and the linkage of the data, as well as the estimation of the risk associations and the assessment of vulnerability differences. R code and data are made available to fully reproduce the results and the graphical descriptions.
conclusionsThe extension of the case time series for small-area analysis offers a valuable analytical tool that combines modelling flexibility and computational efficiency. The increasing availability of data collected at fine geographical scales provides opportunities for its application to address a wide range of epidemiological questions.
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