Smokers show an altered hemodynamic profile to active stress: Evidence of a dysregulated stress response in young adults.

Tobacco smoking has been associated with lower cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress in middle-aged samples, but its impact on cardiovascular reactivity to stress in young adults remains unclear. The present study examined whether young healthy adults showed differing cardiovascular stress reaction profiles depending on their smoking status. Across two laboratory studies (N = 64 and N = 114), we asked participants to complete cognitive stress-tasks while undergoing continuous hemodynamic monitoring. In both studies, there was not a statistically signification association between systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, or heart rate reactivity to stress (all ps > .05). However, examination of the underlying hemodynamic profile of the stress response suggested differences between non-smokers and smokers in both studies. In Study 1, non-smokers exhibited the expected myocardial response to the active stress-task; however, smokers exhibited a mixed hemodynamic profile. In Study 2, smokers evidenced a weaker myocardial profile to the active stress-tasks compared to non-smokers. However, the examination of the continuous hemodynamic profile score (HP) did not identify statistical differences. These results highlight that any level of the smoking habit is associated with an altered hemodynamic profile in response to stress in smokers, which may have important implications for long-term cardiovascular health. The findings also suggest that controlling for smoking behavior in reactivity research examining blood pressure and heart rate responses to stress in young adults is not necessary.