Dissecting and analyzing the Subclonal Mutations Associated with Poor Prognosis in Diffuse Glioma.

The prognostic and therapeutic implications in diffuse gliomas are still challenging. In this study, we first performed an integrative framework to infer the clonal status of mutations in glioblastomas (GBMs) and low-grade gliomas (LGGs) by using exome sequencing data from TCGA and observed both clonal and subclonal mutations for most mutant genes. Based on the clonal status of a given gene, we systematically investigated its prognostic value in GBM and LGG, respectively. Focusing on the subclonal mutations, our results showed that they were more likely to contribute to the poor prognosis, which could be hardly figured out without considering clonal status. These risk subclonal mutations were associated with some specific genomic features, such as genomic instability and intratumor heterogeneity, and their accumulation could enhance the prognostic value. By analyzing the regulatory mechanisms underlying the risk subclonal mutations, we found that the subclonal mutations of AHNAK and AHNAK2 in GBM and those of NF1 and PTEN in LGG could influence some important molecules and functions associated with glioma progression. Furthermore, we dissected the role of risk subclonal mutations in tumor evolution and found that advanced subclonal mutations showed poorer overall survival. Our study revealed the importance of clonal status in prognosis analysis, highlighting the role of the subclonal mutation in glioma prognosis.