ArticleRSC advances2021
Liposome leakage and increased cellular permeability induced by guanidine-based oligomers: effects of liposome composition on liposome leakage and human lung epithelial barrier permeability.
Article in RSC advances, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Orchestrating Self-Replication in Artificial Cells with Digital Microfluidics.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Article
- Risk of non-cancer respiratory diseases attributed to humidifier disinfectant exposure in Koreans: age-period-cohort and differences-in-difference analyses.Epidemiology and health · 2025Article
- Evolutionary andCurrent research in microbial sciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Over the decades, guanidine-based oligomer groups have been one of the most widely used antimicrobial agents. Reportedly, these cationic oligomers cause serious damage to microorganisms but have low toxicity to humans. However, public concerns regarding the guanidine group have rapidly grown after the fatal misuse of these oligomers as humidifier disinfectants, which resulted in thousands of fatalities in South Korea. Herein, we investigated liposome leakage and cellular permeability changes caused by polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), both representative guanidine-based oligomers. The leakage of zwitterionic liposomes, induced by cationic oligomers, was more extensive than that of negative liposomes, indicating that oligomer adsorption onto lipid head groups
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.