ArticleFrontiers in public health2022
Evaluating the Price, Availability, and Affordability of Essential Medicines in Primary Healthcare Institutions: A Mixed Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Study in Jiangsu, China.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trends and disparity in the provision and consumption of essential medicines in China from 2016 to 2021: institutional, regional, and economic variations.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Longitudinal Trends in Medicine Supply, Price and Utilisation in Primary Care Facilities in Rural Southwestern China Under National Essential Medicines Policy (2012-2017): Disparities Across Facilities and Medicines.International journal of health policy and management · 2025Article
- Access to essential and innovative anti-cancer medicines: a longitudinal study in Nanjing, China.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Preference for community health services in people with chronic diseases: a discrete choice experiment in China.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Short- and long-term impacts of the National Essential Medicines Policy on drug availability, price, and usage in a deprived rural county in southwestern China: an interrupted time series analysis across 8 years.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Accessibility crisis of essential medicines at Sudanese primary healthcare facilities: a cross-sectional drugs' dispensaries assessment and patients' perspectives.International journal for equity in health · 2023Article
- Availability, price, and affordability of antiseizure medicines in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Epilepsia open · 2023Article
- Availability, Price and Affordability of Psychotropic Medicines in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2023Article
- Study on the accessibility and affordability of 50 drugs in Wuhan based on the WHO/HAI standardization method.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the price, availability, and affordability of essential medicines in primary healthcare institutions in Jiangsu Province. Methods: A mixed longitudinal and cross-sectional survey was conducted in primary healthcare institutions in Jiangsu based on the adjusted World Health Organization and Health Action International methodology. 45 essential medicines were collected from 30 primary healthcare institutions in Nanjing from 2016 to 2020. We also collected information on these medicines in 70 primary healthcare institutions across seven cities of Jiangsu in 2021. The availability, price, and affordability were compared with matched sets. Differences of availability between years and cities were further compared using Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results: In Nanjing, the variation was significant of availability during the study period. The MPR was generally decreasing between 2016 and 2020, with the median price ratio (MPR) for lowest-priced generics (LPGs) ranging from 1.20 to 2.53 and originator brands (OBs) substantially above international levels. The median availability of generic medicines increased in 2018 and subsequently stabilized at around 55%, and the availability of originator medicines was low. There were no significant regional differences in prices across the sampled cities in Jiangsu, and the median MPR for LPGs was acceptable (1.23), while the median MPR for OBs was 8.54. The mean availability was different across regions ( Conclusions: In terms of yearly changes, the prices of essential medicines have considerably decreased, and the availability of LPGs has slightly increased. However, the availability of medicines was found to be poor and there were regional differences in the availability and affordability of medicines among metropolitan and rural areas. Policy interventions targeting external factors associated with health resource allocation are essential and possible strategies include effective and efficient government investment mechanisms on primary healthcare.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.