ArticlePloS one2022
Impact of visual impairment on balance and visual processing functions in students with special educational needs.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Approaches for delivery of refractive and optical care services in community and primary care settings.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- The Convergent Validity Between Two Adult Self-Report Sensory Processing Scales.Canadian journal of occupational therapy. Revue canadienne d'ergotherapie · 2026Article
- Preverbal visual assessment for screening cerebral visual impairment: Diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility.Developmental medicine and child neurology · 2026Article
- Elevated Ocular and Visual Disorder Risk in Developmental Disabilities: Insights from Cross-Sectional Study and Mendelian Randomization Analysis.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Balance Level and Fundamental Motor Skills of Youth with Visual Impairments: Pilot Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Fostering holistic eye care for children with special educational needs: an interprofessional education program bridging optometry and education.BMC medical education · 2024Article
- Prevalence, sociodemographic risk factors, and coverage of myopia correction among adolescent students in the central region of Portugal.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Dynamic stability evaluation of trunk accelerations during walking in blind and sighted individuals.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Correction: Impact of visual impairment on balance and visual processing functions in students with special educational needs.PloS one · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionVision is critical for children's development. However, prevalence of visual impairment (VI) is high in students with special educational needs (SEN). Other than VI, SEN students are prone to having functional deficits. Whether visual problems relate to these functional deficits is unclear. This study aimed to assess the impact of vision on visual processing functions and balance in SEN students through a community service.
methodsVisual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity were measured in a total of 104 (aged 14.3±4.3) SEN students as the visual outcomes, followed by retinoscopy. Visual processing function assessment included facial expression recognition by card matching examiner's facial expression matching, and visual orientation recognition. Dynamic balance, by Timed Up and Go test, and static standing balance (postural sway in double-legged standing with feet-together and tandem-stance for open-eye and closed-eye conditions) were assessed. Static balance was presented in terms of the maximal medial-lateral and antero-posterior sways.
resultsOf the 104 students, 62 (59.6%) were classified as visually impaired according to WHO classification of visual impairment based on presenting distance acuity. Ocular problems (e.g. optic nerve anomaly, uncorrected/ under-corrected refractive errors) and neurological anomalies were the major causes of vision loss. VA was positively associated with visual processing functions (all p ≤ 0.01), as SEN students with better vision tended to perform better in visual orientation and facial expression recognition tasks, as well as dynamic balance function (p = 0.04). For the static balance, postural sway and VA showed a positive relationship under open-eye and tandem stance conditions. However, the relationship between postural sway and VA became negative under closed-eye and tandem stance conditions.
conclusionThis study found a high prevalence of SEN students with visual impairment, in which many of them were undetected. Optometric examination is important to improve their visual function to minimize the effect of vision on functional performance. Vision is critical in visual processing as well as playing an important role in maintaining balance in SEN students.
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