Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35486233›Full record

ArticleEuropean journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie2023

Upper extremity firearm injuries: epidemiology and factors predicting hospital admission.

Roy J Toston, Alexander R Graf, Alexander M Dawes, Kevin X Farley, John T Hurt, Anthony Karzon, Akinade A Ojemakinde, Michael B Gottschalk, Eric R Wagner

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
1.5field-weighted citation impact, top 19% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Nerve Injury Related to Firearm Extremity Trauma.Plastic surgery (Oakville, Ont.) · 2025
    Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Roy J TostonInvestigation Performed at the Emory Clinic, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Alexander R GrafInvestigation Performed at the Emory Clinic, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Alexander M DawesInvestigation Performed at the Emory Clinic, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Kevin X FarleyInvestigation Performed at the Emory Clinic, Atlanta, GA, USA.
John T HurtInvestigation Performed at the Emory Clinic, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Anthony KarzonInvestigation Performed at the Emory Clinic, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Akinade A OjemakindeInvestigation Performed at the Emory Clinic, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Michael B GottschalkInvestigation Performed at the Emory Clinic, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Eric R WagnerDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Emory University, 59 S Executive Park NW, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA. eric.r.wagner@emory.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4192-4133
Emory Healthcare · USEmory University · US

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionCivilian gun violence is a public health crisis in the USA that will be an economic burden reported to be as high as $17.7 billion with over half coming from US taxpayers dollars through Medicaid-related costs. The purpose of this study is to review the epidemiology of upper extremity firearm injuries in the USA and the associated injury burden.

methodsThe Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research's Firearm Injury Surveillance Study database, collected from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, was queried from 1993 to 2015. The following variables were reviewed: patient demographics, date of injury, diagnosis, injury location, firearm type (if provided), incident classification, and a descriptive narrative of the incident. We performed chi-square testing and complex descriptive statistics, and binomial logistic regression model to predict factors associated with hospital admission.

resultsFrom 1993 to 2015, an estimated 314,369 (95% CI: 291,528-337,750; 16,883 unweighted) nonfatal firearm upper extremity injuries with an average incidence rate of 4.76 per 100,000 persons (SD: 0.9; 03.77-7.49) occurred. The demographics most afflicted with nonfatal gunshot wound injuries were black adolescent and young adult males (ages 15-24 years). Young adults aged 25-34 were the second largest estimate of injuries by age group. Hands were the most commonly injured upper extremity, (55,014; 95% CI: 75,973-89,667) followed by the shoulder, forearm, and upper arm. Patients who underwent amputation (OR: 28.65; 95% CI: 24.85-33.03) or with fractures (OR: 26.20; 95% CI: 23.27-29.50) experienced an increased likelihood for hospitalization. Patients with a shoulder injury were 5.5× more likely to be hospitalized than those with a finger injury (OR:5.57; 95% CI:5.35-5.80). The incidence of upper extremity firearm injuries has remained steady over the last decade ranging between 4 and 5 injuries per 100,000 persons. Patients with proximal injuries or injuries involving the bone were more likely to require hospital admission. This study should bring new information to the forefront for policy makers regarding gun violence.

Indexed as

FirearmsWounds, GunshotAdolescentHospitalizationHospitalsHumansMaleUnited StatesUpper ExtremityYoung AdultAccidentalFirearmGunsNonfatal injuryUpper extremity

Identifiers

PMID35486233
OpenAlexW4225127857

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.