ReviewTobacco control2023
Ice flavours and non-menthol synthetic cooling agents in e-cigarette products: a review.
Review in Tobacco control, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effects of 'Ice' flavoured e-cigarettes with synthetic cooling agent WS-23 or menthol on user-reported appeal and sensory attributes.Tobacco control · 2025Trial
- Cool but not harmless: synthetic cooling agents enhance nicotine reinforcement via the mesolimbic dopamine system.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Synthetic cooling agents enhance nicotine reinforcement and mesolimbic dopamine signaling.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Sales of cigarettes with WS-3, a synthetic cooling agent, in an area with a menthol cigarette sales prohibition.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- Pain is Associated with E-Cigarette Use and Dependence in Young Adults: Findings from Wave 7 (2022-2023) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2026Article
- Tobacco marketing and youth perceptions: connections between industry tactics and beliefs about harm and addiction among those under 21.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2026Article
- Preflavour and postflavour ban oral nicotine pouches: a chemical, sensory and young adult appeal analysis.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Methylglyoxal and Glyoxal in High-Puff Disposable Electronic Cigarette Liquids: Unexpected Accumulation and Enhanced Cytotoxicity.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Article
- Comparative toxicity of menthol- and tobacco-flavored electronic cigarette constituents inducing inflammation, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulation in the absence of nicotine.Toxicology reports · 2026Article
- Adolescents' and Young Adults' use of "Boost" mode in their E-cigarettes.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Comparison of Nicotine and Selected Flavoring Contents Between Tobacco-Free and Tobacco-Containing Oral Pouches.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- Artificial Sweeteners in US-Marketed Oral Nicotine Pouch Products: Correlation With Nicotine Contents and Effects on Product Preference.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- Coolants, organic acids, flavourings and other additives that facilitate inhalation of tobacco and nicotine products: implications for regulation.Tobacco control · 2026Review
- The tip of the iceberg: Profiling cooling agents using computational approaches to inform tobacco regulatory science.PloS one · 2026Article
- Differences in "minty" flavor compound and synthetic cooling agent presence in US-marketed menthol-mint e-liquids and devices between 2019-2023.Research square · 2025Article
- Chemosensory tobacco product toxicology part 2: toxicological testing, assays, and state of the science.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2025Review
- Cardiovascular Health Effects and Synthetic Cooling Agents in E-Cigarettes Labeled as "Clear" Marketed in Massachusetts After the Tobacco Product Flavoring Ban.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Menthol flavour enhances vaping experiences: a randomised crossover clinical trial.Tobacco control · 2025Article
- Trends in e-cigarette flavour use and demographic correlates among US youth from 2020 to 2023.Tobacco control · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
E-cigarettes with cooling flavours have diversified in ways that complicate tobacco control with the emergence of: (1) Ice-hybrid flavours (eg, 'Raspberry Ice') that combine cooling and fruity/sweet properties; and (2) Products containing non-menthol synthetic cooling agents (eg, Wilkinson Sword (WS), WS-3, WS-23 (termed 'koolada')). This paper reviews the background, chemistry, toxicology, marketing, user perceptions, use prevalence and policy implications of e-cigarette products with ice-hybrid flavours or non-menthol coolants. Scientific literature search supplemented with industry-generated and user-generated information found: (a) The tobacco industry has developed products containing synthetic coolants since 1974, (b) WS-3 and WS-23 are detected in mass-manufactured e-cigarettes (eg, PuffBar); (c) While safe for limited oral ingestion, inhalational toxicology and health effects from daily synthetic coolant exposure are unknown and merit scientific inquiry and attention from regulatory agencies; (d) Ice-hybrid flavours are marketed with themes incorporating fruitiness and/or coolness (eg, snow-covered raspberries); (e) WS-23/WS-3 concentrates also are sold as do-it-yourself additives, (f) Pharmacology research and user-generated and industry-generated information provide a premise to hypothesise that e-cigarette products with ice flavours or non-menthol cooling agents generate pleasant cooling sensations that mask nicotine's harshness while lacking certain aversive features of menthol-only products, (g) Adolescent and young adult use of e-cigarettes with ice-hybrid or other cooling flavours may be common and cross-sectionally associated with more frequent vaping and nicotine dependence in convenience samples. Evidence gaps in the epidemiology, toxicology, health effects and smoking cessation-promoting potential of using these products exist. E-cigarettes with ice flavours or synthetic coolants merit scientific and regulatory attention.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.