ReviewReviews in medical virology2022
Global and regional circulation trends of norovirus genotypes and recombinants, 1995-2019: A comprehensive review of sequences from public databases.
Review in Reviews in medical virology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 106 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global prevalence of norovirus gastroenteritis after emergence of the GII.4 Sydney 2012 variant: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Immune responses in healthy adults elicited by a bivalent norovirus vaccine candidate composed of GI.4 and GII.4 VLPs without adjuvant.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Trial
- A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating phase I trial to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of a plant-produced, bivalent, recombinant norovirus-like particle vaccine.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- Molecular characterization of a rare norovirus GII.8[P8] strain detected during pediatric acute gastroenteritis surveillance in Harbin, China.Virus genes · 2026Article
- Article
- Large-scale gastroenteritis outbreaks occurring in a university town of Guangzhou city during the global wave of the norovirus in China.Virology journal · 2026Article
- Human norovirus GII genotypic diversity in Gwangju, South Korea, based on ORF1-ORF2 junction (RdRp-VP1) analysis from 2020 to 2024.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Unraveling the Transmission Dynamics of a Novel Norovirus GII.17[P17] Lineage During Two Consecutive Outbreaks in a Spanish Hospital.Journal of medical virology · 2026Article
- Response of dendritic cells and T cells to virus-like particles formed from norovirus viral protein-1 (VP1N) or chimeric molecules containing a fragment of VP1N and polypeptides of echovirus 30.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2026Article
- The emergence and evolutionary advantage of the novel epidemic norovirus GII.17 lineage.Archives of virology · 2026Article
- Structural and genetic analysis of neutralizing antibodies reveals mechanisms of GII.4 norovirus antigenic evolution.Research square · 2026Article
- Phylogenetic Analyses ofMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Variable and conserved B cell epitopes of GII.4 human noroviruses.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Genetic Diversity of Norovirus and Sapovirus Outbreaks in Long-Term Care Facilities in Quebec, Canada, 2011-2016.Viruses · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of Norovirus Immunity: Implications for Vaccine Design.Annual review of pathology · 2026Review
- Trends in Norovirus Genotypes in South Korea, 2019-2024: Insights from Nationwide Dual Typing Surveillance.Viruses · 2025Article
- GII.17 norovirus re-emerged in the 2020s as a result of dynamic and adaptive evolutionary processes.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Metagenomic analysis and genomic characterization of enterovirus A76 and Norovirus GI.6[P11] co-infection in a patient with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand.Scientific reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the leading global cause of viral gastroenteritis. Attempts at developing effective vaccines and treatments against norovirus disease have been stymied by the extreme genetic diversity and rapid geographic distribution of these viruses. The emergence and replacement of predominantly circulating norovirus genotypes has primarily been attributed to mutations on the VP1 capsid protein leading to genetic drift, and more recently to recombination events between the ORF1/ORF2 junction. However, large-scale research into the historical and geographic distribution of recombinant norovirus strains has been limited in the literature. We performed a comprehensive historical analysis on 30,810 human norovirus sequences submitted to public databases between the years 1995 and 2019. During this time, 37 capsid genotypes and 56 polymerase types were detected across 90 different countries, and 97 unique recombinant genomes were also identified. GII.4, both capsid and polymerase, was the predominately circulating type worldwide for the majority of this time span, save for a brief swell of GII.17 and GII.2 capsid genotypes and a near-total eclipse by GII.P16, GII.P21 and GII.P31 beginning in 2013. Interestingly, an analysis of 4067 recombinants found that 50.2% (N = 2039) of all recorded sequences belonged to three recently emerged recombinant strains: GII.2[P16], GII.4[P31], and GII.4[P16]. This analysis should provide an important historical foundation for future studies that evaluate the emergence and distribution of noroviruses, as well as the design of cross-protective vaccines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.