ArticleCureus2022
Role of Lipid Indices in the Assessment of Microvascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetic Retinopathy Patients.
Article in Cureus, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Atherogenic lipid indices and diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Lipid variability and risk of microvascular complications in patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC endocrine disorders · 2024Pooled it
- Assessment of Serum Lipocalin-2 in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With and Without Retinopathy.Cureus · 2026Article
- Association of Nontraditional Lipid Indices With Poor Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of diabetes research · 2026Article
- Can lipid indices aid in predicting diabetic kidney disease? Findings from a cross-sectional, matched case-control study.PloS one · 2025Article
- High Atherogenic Risk in Ketosis-Prone Type 2 Diabetic Individuals with Ketosis Episodes: A Cross-Sectional Study.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionDiabetic retinopathy (DR) remains the leading cause of blindness and visual impairment in diabetic patients worldwide. Lipid indices (LI) such as atherogenic coefficient (AC), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), and Castelli risk index (CRI) I and II may be associated with bio-physiological changes of DR even when traditional lipids are within normal limit. Hence, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the LI and examine the LI predictive role in assessing the microvascular risk in diabetes patients with and without retinopathy. METHODOLOGY: This case-control study was conducted for six months at a tertiary care hospital and included 90 subjects divided into three groups. Group I had 30 age and sex-matched healthy controls; group II and group III had 30 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) cases without DR and with DR, respectively. Plasma glucose and lipid profiles including apolipoprotein A-I (Apo A-I) and apolipoprotein B (Apo B) were measured in all subjects. LI such as AIP, AC, CRI-I, CRI-II, and non-HDL-C were calculated from the lipid profile values. ANOVA test was used to compare the means of three groups.
resultsThe mean age of the study participants was 51.44 ± 11.72, 53.95 ± 12.43, and 57.16 ± 7.96 years for groups I, II, and III, respectively. Triacylglycerol (TG) showed positive correlation with all LI, AIP (r = 0.768, p < 0.00001), AC (r = 0.363, p = 0.048), non-HDL-C (r = 0.372, p = 0.042), and CRI-I (r = 0.363, p = 0.048), except for CRI-II in group III. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) showed a statistically significant positive correlation with non-HDL-C and CRI-II in diabetic subjects with and without retinopathy.
conclusionThe study showed that LI were raised in diabetic patients with or without DR, suggesting the significant role of LI in assessing microvascular risk in T2DM, particularly when the lipid profile values seem to be normal or not disturbed markedly.
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