ArticleVirus evolution2022
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus incursions of subtype H5N8, H5N5, H5N1, H5N4, and H5N3 in Germany during 2020-21.
Article in Virus evolution, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
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40 citing papers in PubMed.
- The role of wild birds in the global highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 panzootic, 2020-2023.npj biodiversity · 2026Review
- Wild birds drive the introduction, maintenance, and spread of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in Spain, 2021-2022.Virus evolution · 2026Article
- Avian influenza and coronaviruses in live animal and wet markets in Laos: prevalence and public health considerations.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Emergence and Genetic Characteristics of H5N1, H5N6, and H5N3 Clade 2.3.4.4b High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Viruses in South Korea During the 2023-2024 and 2024-2025 Winter Seasons.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
- Natural infections of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 in wild birds between 2020 and 2023 in the UK: a retrospective study with focus on microscopic lesions, viral distribution and neurotropism.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- Determination of H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus Persistence Following a 2024 Backyard Poultry Outbreak in Romania.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Immune history shapes human antibody responses to H5N1 influenza viruses.Nature medicine · 2025Article
- Review
- Molecular characterization of a highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N4) virus isolated from domestic chickens in Iraq during the 2015 HPAI H5N1 outbreak.Open veterinary journal · 2025Article
- Custom barcoded primers for influenza A nanopore sequencing: enhanced performance with reduced preparation time.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Nanopore sequencing in veterinary medicine: from concepts to clinical applications.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Improvements in RNA and DNA nanopore sequencing allow for rapid genetic characterization of avian influenza.Virus evolution · 2025Article
- Avian raptors are indicator species and victims of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus HPAIV H5N1 (clade 2.3.4.4b) in Germany.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Dominant HPAIV H5N1 genotypes of Germany 2021/2022 are linked to high virulence in Pekin ducklings.Npj viruses · 2024Article
- Immune history shapes human antibody responses to H5N1 influenza viruses.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Surveillance for Avian Influenza in Wild Birds in the Lombardy Region (Italy) in the Period 2022-2024.Viruses · 2024Article
- Recent Occurrence, Diversity, and Candidate Vaccine Virus Selection for Pandemic H5N1: Alert Is in the Air.Vaccines · 2024Review
- The Alarming Situation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in 2019-2023.Global medical genetics · 2024Review
- Outcome of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in calves and lactating cows.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
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Abstract
From October 2020 to July 2021, five different subtypes (H5N8, H5N5, H5N1, H5N4, and H5N3) and seven genotypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b were detected in a broad array of avian hosts in Germany. Initial incursion by wild birds with an unprecedented involvement of charadriiforme species at the Wadden Sea coast only carrying subtype H5N3, lateral spread between poultry with detection of novel reassortants and mixed infections in poultry holdings, suspected spillback of HPAIV from poultry to wild birds, and detection of HPAIV-infected wild birds during the following summer in 2021 were hallmarks of this epizootic. Local reassortment events with low pathogenic AIV strains were detected by phylogenetic analyses, with a dominating HP H5N8 and later HP H5N1 strain responsible for most cases. In addition, the first-ever described HPAIV strain of subtype H5N4 could be genetically characterized.
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