ArticleScience advances2022
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in eight European countries: Prevalence, determinants, and heterogeneity.
Article in Science advances, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Literature review: Current trends and future prospects of digital vaccine supply chain support technology.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Pooled it
- Communication-based interventions to increase COVID-19 vaccine willingness and uptake: a systematic review with meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- An experimental study on the effects of electronic medicinal product information on vaccine hesitancy.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Infographics on risks associated with COVID-19 and the willingness to get the AstraZeneca vaccine: two randomized online experiments.BMC public health · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Real-World Utilization of the Novavax Adjuvanted Recombinant Protein COVID-19 Vaccine in France During the 2022-2024 Period.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Review
- Association between COVID-related health literacy and vaccine acceptance: results of a nationwide cross-sectional study in Hungary.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Unique Aerofoil-Structured Microfluidics for High Throughput Lipid Nanoparticle Formulation Screening and Scale-up.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Widening East-West inequality in life expectancy in Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic: An international comparative study.PloS one · 2026Article
- Validation and psychometric evaluation of the Arabic Adult Vaccine Hesitancy Scale.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Chinese residents: A national cross-sectional survey in the community setting.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Vaccine Attitudes Among Adults in a Southern European Region: Survey from Pre- to Post-COVID-19.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Clustering-based methodology for comparing multi-characteristic epidemiological dynamics with application to COVID-19 epidemiology in Europe.Royal Society open science · 2025Article
- From curriculum to engagement: strengthening microbiology education in secondary schools.Journal of microbiology & biology education · 2025Article
- Uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine and its association with vaccine information and misinformation in Malawi.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Trust in official information as a key predictor of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance: evidence from a Czech longitudinal survey study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Health Literacy and Acceptance of COVID-19 Preventive Measures and Vaccination in the European Union: A Scoping Review.Health literacy research and practice · 2025Article
- Knowledge, Attitude, and COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake Among Drug Dispensers in Community Pharmacies: A Cross-Sectional Study.The East African health research journal · 2025Article
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We examine heterogeneity in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy across eight European countries. We reveal striking differences across countries, ranging from 6.4% of adults in Spain to 61.8% in Bulgaria reporting being hesitant. We experimentally assess the effectiveness of different messages designed to reduce COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Receiving messages emphasizing either the medical benefits or the hedonistic benefits of vaccination significantly increases COVID-19 vaccination willingness in Germany, whereas highlighting privileges contingent on holding a vaccination certificate increases vaccination willingness in both Germany and the United Kingdom. No message has significant positive effects in any other country. Machine learning-based heterogeneity analyses reveal that treatment effects are smaller or even negative in settings marked by high conspiracy beliefs and low health literacy. In contrast, trust in government increases treatment effects in some groups. The heterogeneity in vaccine hesitancy and responses to different messages suggests that health authorities should avoid one-size-fits-all vaccination campaigns.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.