ArticlemBio2022
Fungal Melanin Biosynthesis Pathway as Source for Fungal Toxins.
Article in mBio, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Antifungal Efficacy of Carbon Quantum Dots Combined with Photodynamic Therapy AgainstFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Dual genetic loci and flavonoid metabolism orchestrate fruiting body coloration in Flammulina filiformis: a multi-omic roadmap for fungal pigmentation.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Insight into the role of Sho1 in high-hydrostatic pressure and oxidative stress adaptation of the hadal fungusApplied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Sonoplasma Technology for Water Treatment Against Phytopathogenic Fungi: Responses of Melanized and Hyaline Species.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The multifaceted physiological roles of fungal laccases.Communications biology · 2026Review
- Microbial melanin: biosynthesis, functional Insights, and emerging research challenges.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2026Review
- Review
- Machine-Readable Structural Information Is Essential for Natural Products Research.Journal of natural products · 2025Review
- Analysis of Microbial Community Structure and Cultivation Performance Assessment inJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Whole-genome sequencing andMicrobiology resource announcements · 2025Article
- Integrated genome and transcriptome analysis reveals pathogenic mechanisms of Calonectria eucalypti in Eucalyptus leaf blight.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Expression of a Colletotrichum polyketide synthase gene in Aspergillus nidulans leads to unexpected conjugates with a host metabolite.Archives of microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Characterizing phenotype variants of Cercosporidium personatum, causal agent of peanut late leaf spot disease, their morphology, genetics and metabolites.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Regulation of melanin production in fungi.Frontiers in fungal biology · 2025Review
- Melanin in fungi: advances in structure, biosynthesis, regulation, and metabolic engineering.Microbial cell factories · 2024Review
- Deletion of the polyketide synthase-encoding gene pks1 prevents melanization in the extremophilic fungus Cryomyces antarcticus.IUBMB life · 2024Article
- Positive selection and functional diversification of transcription factor Cmr1 homologs in Alternaria.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Article
- Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes for Light Regulation of Elsinochrome Biosynthesis inMicroorganisms · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Contamination of food and feed with toxin-producing fungi is a major threat in agriculture and for human health. The filamentous fungus Alternaria alternata is one of the most widespread postharvest contaminants and a weak plant pathogen. It produces a large variety of secondary metabolites with alternariol and its derivatives as characteristic mycotoxin. Other important phyto- and mycotoxins are perylene quinones (PQs), some of which have anticancer properties. Here, we discovered that the PQ altertoxin (ATX) biosynthesis shares most enzymes with the 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (1,8-DHN) melanin pathway. However, melanin was formed in aerial hyphae and spores, and ATXs were synthesized in substrate hyphae. This spatial separation is achieved through the promiscuity of a polyketide synthase, presumably producing a pentaketide (T4HN), a hexaketide (AT4HN), and a heptaketide (YWA1) as products. T4HN directly enters the altertoxin and DHN melanin pathway, whereas AT4HN and YWA1 can be converted only in aerial hyphae, which probably leads to a higher T4HN concentration, favoring 1,8-DHN melanin formation. Whereas the production of ATXs was strictly dependent on the CmrA transcription factor, melanin could still be produced in the absence of CmrA to some extent. This suggests that different cues regulate melanin and toxin formation. Since DHN melanin is produced by many fungi, PQs or related compounds may be produced in many more fungi than so far assumed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.