ArticleExtreme Mechanics Letters2021
Physical intelligence as a new paradigm.
Article in Extreme Mechanics Letters, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Stigmergy and Self-Organizing Systems in Swarm Robotics: A Systematic Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Structural Evolution of Biomedical Microrobots: From Rigid to Soft to Rigid-Soft Integrated Systems.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Embodied behavioural complexity in a ciliated microorganism.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Adaptive gyration mechanism in fan worm gill filaments for enhanced filter-feeding efficiency.Fundamental research · 2026Article
- Dynamical Symbiosis of Solar Cell and Memristor.ACS energy letters · 2026Article
- Single-parameter programmed thermomechanical actuation via 3D-printed helical director fields in liquid crystal elastomers.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A bio-inspired customizable mechanical central pattern generator enables one-to-many scalable pneumatic control.Communications engineering · 2026Article
- Ultrathin seed wing with heterogeneous structures for highly efficient dispersal of African tulip tree.National science review · 2026Article
- Twirlbot: Tumbleweed-inspired rolling robot.Science advances · 2026Article
- How microrobots should be translated: A clinical and value-centered readiness framework.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2026Review
- Embodying physical computing into soft robots.Nature communications · 2026Review
- Unsegmented marine annelids as biomechanical models for soft robotics.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Multifunctional Fluidic Units for Emergent, Responsive Robotic Behaviors.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Physical Intelligence in Small-Scale Robots and Machines.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Review
- Embodied Cross-Domain Intelligence in Biomedical Microrobots: A Review.Cyborg and bionic systems (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- Density Modulations in Active Colloidal Systems through Orthogonal Propulsion Control and Sensory Delays.ACS nano · 2025Article
- Soft Robotic Engines with Non-Reciprocal Motion by Physical Intelligence.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2025Article
- Adaptive Mechanical Metamaterials with On-Demand Binary Local Modulus for Embodied Intelligence.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Reprogrammable sequencing for physically intelligent underactuated robots.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Magnetically Controllable and Degradable Milliscale Swimmers as Intraocular Drug Implants.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Intelligence of physical agents, such as human-made (e.g., robots, autonomous cars) and biological (e.g., animals, plants) ones, is not only enabled by their computational intelligence (CI) in their brain, but also by their physical intelligence (PI) encoded in their body. Therefore, it is essential to advance the PI of human-made agents as much as possible, in addition to their CI, to operate them in unstructured and complex real-world environments like the biological agents. This article gives a perspective on what PI paradigm is, when PI can be more significant and dominant in physical and biological agents at different length scales and how bioinspired and abstract PI methods can be created in agent bodies. PI paradigm aims to synergize and merge many research fields, such as mechanics, materials science, robotics, mechanical design, fluidics, active matter, biology, self-assembly and collective systems, to enable advanced PI capabilities in human-made agent bodies, comparable to the ones observed in biological organisms. Such capabilities would progress the future robots and other machines beyond what can be realized using the current frameworks.
Indexed as
Identifiers
35475112PMC7612657W4287063643What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.