ArticlePloS one2022
Multiple sclerosis patients have an altered gut mycobiome and increased fungal to bacterial richness.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predicting cancer-related mycobiome aspects in gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Integrative multicohort analysis reveals consistent sex differences in gut microbiota of multiple sclerosis patients.mSystems · 2026Article
- Sexual dimorphism in the colonic microbiome and host's transcriptomics profiles of a murine model of multiple sclerosis.Clinical immunology communications · 2026Article
- Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Is Associated With a Dysbiotic Oral Microbiome.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Microbial-Immune Interplay in CNS Autoimmune Diseases: Lessons from Animal Models and Clinical Studies.European journal of immunology · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota and gut-derived metabolites in defining multiple sclerosis phenotypic continuum.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The influence of an environmentally relevant polychlorinated biphenyl mixture on the intestinal microbiota in post-weaning mouse dams.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2026Article
- Microbiota and mycobiota in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: clinical and pathophysiological correlations.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2026Article
- Impact of a GABA-ProducingFASEB bioAdvances · 2026Article
- Interplay between fungal infections and autoimmunity: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives.EMBO molecular medicine · 2025Review
- The gastrointestinal mycobiome in inflammation and cancer: unraveling fungal dysbiosis, pathogenesis, and therapeutic potential.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Review
- Gut Mycobiome: Latest Findings and Current Knowledge Regarding Its Significance in Human Health and Disease.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The Gut Mycobiome for Precision Medicine.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Specific microbial ratio in the gut microbiome is associated with multiple sclerosis.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Exploring the mycobiota in multiple sclerosis: its influence on disease development and progression.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Correlation of intestinal bacteria, fungi and dietary nutrient intake in NAFLD patients with spleen deficiency syndrome.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- The link between gut microbiota and multiple sclerosis from the perspective of barrier function.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Effects of alcohol on gut microbiome in adolescent and adult MMTV-Wnt1 mice.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- A Meta-Analysis of the Human Gut Mycobiome Using Internal Transcribed Spacer Data.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Mediterranean diet and associations with the gut microbiota and pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis using trivariate analysis.Communications medicine · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Trillions of microbes such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses exist in the healthy human gut microbiome. Although gut bacterial dysbiosis has been extensively studied in multiple sclerosis (MS), the significance of the fungal microbiome (mycobiome) is an understudied and neglected part of the intestinal microbiome in MS. The aim of this study was to characterize the gut mycobiome of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), compare it to healthy controls, and examine its association with changes in the bacterial microbiome. We characterized and compared the mycobiome of 20 RRMS patients and 33 healthy controls (HC) using Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) and compared mycobiome interactions with the bacterial microbiome using 16S rRNA sequencing. Our results demonstrate an altered mycobiome in RRMS patients compared with HC. RRMS patients showed an increased abundance of Basidiomycota and decreased Ascomycota at the phylum level with an increased abundance of Candida and Epicoccum genera along with a decreased abundance of Saccharomyces compared to HC. We also observed an increased ITS2/16S ratio, altered fungal and bacterial associations, and altered fungal functional profiles in MS patients compared to HC. This study demonstrates that RRMS patients had a distinct mycobiome with associated changes in the bacterial microbiome compared to HC. There is an increased fungal to bacterial ratio as well as more diverse fungal-bacterial interactions in RRMS patients compared to HC. Our study is the first step towards future studies in delineating the mechanisms through which the fungal microbiome can influence MS disease.
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