ReviewImmunology2022
The immune response to COVID-19: Does sex matter?
Review in Immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Electrophysiological and Molecular Features of Remdesivir-Induced Cardiac Toxicity in Male and Female Guinea Pigs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Pre-existing comorbidities and hospitalization for COVID-19 are associated with post-COVID conditions in the U.S. veteran population.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Sex and other predictors of mortality in long-term follow-up of patients with cardiovascular disease and COVID-19: a single-center retrospective study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A national population-based study of mortality and risk factors in COVID-19-hospitalized patients in Spain (2020-2021).Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Analysis of COVID-19 patients hospitalized in general wards and intensive care units: Insights from the RIMAC cardiopulmonary imaging registry across Latin American centers.Archivos de cardiologia de Mexico · 2024Article
- Sex differences and immune correlates of Long Covid development, symptom persistence, and resolution.Science translational medicine · 2024Article
- Prevalence, risk factors, and impact of long COVID in a socially vulnerable community in Brazil: a prospective cohort study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2024Article
- Sex differences and immune correlates of Long COVID development, persistence, and resolution.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Tracking the evolution of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and long-term humoral immunity within 2 years after COVID-19 infection.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Effectiveness and safety of immune response to SARS‑CoV‑2 vaccine in patients with chronic kidney disease and dialysis: A systematic review and meta‑analysis.Biomedical reports · 2024Article
- Polymorphisms of IFN signaling genes and FOXP4 influence the severity of COVID-19.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Long-Term Risk of Reduced Cognitive Performance and Associated Factors in Discharged Older Adults with COVID-19: A Longitudinal Prospective Study.Annals of geriatric medicine and research · 2024Observational
- COVID-19 Crisis in Brazil: Post-Vaccination Seroprevalence and Infection in More and Less Vaccinated Municipalities in a Northeastern State.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Exploring the intersection of obesity and gender in COVID-19 outcomes in hospitalized Mexican patients: a comparative analysis of risk profiles using unsupervised machine learning.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- COVID-19 and menstrual-related disturbances: a Spanish retrospective observational study in formerly menstruating women.Frontiers in global women's health · 2024Article
- Sex-specific outcomes in cancer therapy: the central role of hormones.Frontiers in medical technology · 2024Review
- High anti-SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among unvaccinated mother-child pairs from a rural setting in north-eastern Tanzania during the second wave of COVID-19.IJID regions · 2023Article
- Predictors of persistent symptoms after mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-related myocarditis (myovacc registry).Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2023Article
- Predictors of high SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G titers in COVID-19 convalescent whole-blood donors: a cross-sectional study in China.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Neutrophil heterogeneity and aging: implications for COVID-19 and wound healing.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created unprecedented challenges worldwide. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19 and has a complex interaction with the immune system, including growing evidence of sex-specific differences in the immune response. Sex-disaggregated analyses of epidemiological data indicate that males experience more severe symptoms and suffer higher mortality from COVID-19 than females. Many behavioural risk factors and biological factors may contribute to the different immune response. This review examines the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the context of sex, with emphasis on potential biological mechanisms explaining differences in clinical outcomes. Understanding sex differences in the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection will help promote the development of specific strategies to manage the disease.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.