Trial reportAlcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire)2022
The Effects of Menstrual Cycle Hormones on Responses to Varenicline and Naltrexone Among Female Heavy Drinking Smokers.
Trial report in Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of Alcohol Use Disorder Pharmacotherapies by Sex: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Drug and alcohol review · 2026Pooled it
- Clinical and preclinical evidence of sex differences in nicotine-induced enhancement of alcohol self-administration.Psychopharmacology · 2026Review
- We must look beyond primary reinforcement to understand nicotine use in women.Frontiers in neuroendocrinology · 2026Review
- Gender- and sex-sensitive psychopharmacotherapy of alcohol use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol.BMJ open · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
aimsWomen often experience poorer smoking cessation outcomes in comparison to men. Menstrual cycle phase and sex hormones may influence smoking behavior and alter response to opioid antagonist medications. Less is known about the effects of sex hormones in response to pharmacotherapy for female heavy drinking smokers.
methodsThis study is a secondary analysis of premenopausal female heavy drinking smokers who completed a 12-week randomized clinical trial comparing varenicline plus placebo versus varenicline plus naltrexone for smoking cessation and drinking reduction. Participants (n = 26; total observations = 66) provided saliva samples for assays of progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) post-randomization at Weeks 4, 8 and 12. We examined the effects of P4/E2 ratio and medication on smoking and drinking outcomes.
resultsFor drinking outcomes, there was a significant interaction for percent days abstinent (b = 0.017, P = 0.05), suggesting that greater P4/E2 ratio is associated with greater percent days abstinent for women assigned to the varenicline plus naltrexone condition. There were no interaction effects for the remaining drinking outcomes (P's ≥ 0.12). Results found no significant interaction effect of P4/E2 ratio and medication on smoking abstinence (P = 0.19).
conclusionOur results imply that when women show a greater P4/E2 ratio, typically observed during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, they experience an added benefit of naltrexone, versus placebo, for drinking outcomes as shown by greater percent days abstinent. Additional studies in larger samples are warranted as sex hormones offer important information above and beyond comparing women versus men.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.