ArticleCurrent topics in behavioral neurosciences2023
Immune Cell Contributors to the Female Sex Bias in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.
Article in Current topics in behavioral neurosciences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- A2 astrocyte polarization mediates ketogenic diet protection of blood-central nervous system barriers in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Why Is MS a More Frequent Complication of EBV Infection in Females?Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites Regulate CASP3 and Neuroimmune Pathways in Multiple Sclerosis: An Integrative Multiomics Study.Mediators of inflammation · 2026Article
- Growth hormone restrains inflammatory activity of microglia/macrophages in CNS autoimmunity.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Article
- Chronic low-grade inflammation, genetic susceptibility, and the risk of multiple sclerosis: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Post-onset intermittent fasting attenuates neuroinflammation and demyelination via a TRIB3-PERK-autophagy axis in an EAE model of multiple sclerosis.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2025Article
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- Unveiling the therapeutic potential of natural products in Alzheimer's disease: insights fromFrontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
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- Obesity intensifies sex-specific interferon signaling to selectively worsen central nervous system autoimmunity in females.Cell metabolism · 2024Article
- Genetic deletion of c-Jun amino-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) modestly increases disease severity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2023Article
- Article
- Potential biological contributers to the sex difference in multiple sclerosis progression.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Effect of puberty on the immune system: Relevance to multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Review
- Effects of biological sex and pregnancy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: It's complicated.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that leads to axonal damage and accumulation of disability. Relapsing-remitting MS (RR-MS) is the most frequent presentation of MS and this form of MS is three times more prevalent in females than in males. This female bias in MS is apparent only after puberty, suggesting a role for sex hormones in this regulation; however, very little is known of the biological mechanisms that underpin the sex difference in MS onset. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of RR-MS that presents more severely in females in certain mouse strains and thus has been useful to study sex differences in CNS autoimmunity. Here, we overview the immunopathogenesis of MS and EAE and how immune mechanisms in these diseases differ between a male and female. We further describe how females exhibit more robust myelin-specific T helper (Th) 1 immunity in MS and EAE and how this sex bias in Th cells is conveyed by sex hormone effects on the T cells, antigen presenting cells, regulatory T cells, and innate lymphoid cell populations.
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Registered trials
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