ArticleFrontiers in psychology2022
Preliminary Assessment of Individual Zone of Optimal Functioning Model Applied to Music Performance Anxiety in College Piano Majors.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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3 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Performing in the Absence of Debilitating Anxiety: A Qualitative Analysis from the Perspective of Professional Western Classical Ensemble Musicians.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Finding flow at the piano: psychological regulation and configurational profiles among art students at Chinese sport universities.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Past social support influences pre-performance self-confidence and performance quality among student musicians.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
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2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
Individual zone of optimal functioning (IZOF) is a psychological model studied and applied to quantify athletes' anxiety and predicts their achievement in sports competitions. This study aimed to determine the application of the IZOF model to evaluate music performance anxiety (MPA) in pianists because the causes of anxiety in athletes and musicians may be similar. A total of 30 college-level piano-major students were included in the study, and the anxiety level in performance was scored by the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 questionnaire. In the first phase, participants recalled and self-scored the four important performances in the past year. Notably, seven piano teachers scored the performances. Both results were combined to identify the individual IZOF zone. Each student showed different anxiety scores for cognitive state anxiety (CA), somatic state anxiety (SA), and self-confidence (SC). In the second phase, all participants scored their anxiety level 1 day before the final performance, and the same judges evaluated the performance immediately afterward. A total of 60% of the participants who had at least two subscales inside the IZOF received performance scores greater than 90. In conclusion, the IZOF model provides information for both piano teachers and pianists to help review their anxiety intensity and predict their performance scores to some extent.
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