ReviewFrontiers in immunology2022
The Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 84 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 143 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of air pollution on COVID-19 severity: a systematic review of underlying biological mechanisms.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2025Pooled it
- Exploring COVID-19 Pandemic Disparities with Transcriptomic Meta-analysis from the Perspective of Personalized Medicine.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2024Pooled it
- Cytokine levels associated with favorable clinical outcome in the CAPSID randomized trial of convalescent plasma in patients with severe COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- Transcriptome, Proteome, and Metabolome Features in Diarrhea Challenge of Preweaning Piglets via Multi-Omics Integration Analyses.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Characterization of inner capsid σA protein as a virulence factor of the pteropine orthoreovirus.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- COVID-19, the disease that changed the world.Medicine and pharmacy reports · 2026Review
- Peripheral leukocyte transcriptomic changes in preweaned Holstein heifer calves with varying stages of Bovine Respiratory Disease.PloS one · 2026Article
- Respiratory epithelial cells as central mediators of immune crosstalk in SARS-CoV-2 infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Neuroinflammatory and transcriptional dynamics during SARS-CoV-2 infection in KRT18-hACE2 mouse brain.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Association of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-α With Severe Pediatric COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome.Biomarker insights · 2026Article
- Comparative analysis of routine peripheral blood parameters in influenza and COVID-19 patients: a retrospective study.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2026Article
- Utility of plasma MicroRNA profiling as diagnostic biomarker in immune system activation and inflammation and early predictor of severity in patients with COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α exacerbates immune injury induced by influenza A virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae coinfection.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
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- Cytokine and Antibody Isotype Responses in Vaccinated Healthcare Workers with SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infections.Viruses · 2025Article
- Redefining Normal: Cytokine Dysregulation in Long COVID and the Post-Pandemic Healthy Donors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- A multiplexed LC-MS/MS method to reveal changes in inflammatory and coagulation cascades induced by host infection.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2025Article
- Histopathological examination of lung from infant with lethal COVID-19 with special attention on pneumocytes type II and the immune infiltrate: a case study.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Serum cytokine levels in children with community-acquired pneumonia caused by different respiratory pathogens.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in countless infections and caused millions of deaths since its emergence in 2019. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated mortality is caused by uncontrolled inflammation, aberrant immune response, cytokine storm, and an imbalanced hyperactive immune system. The cytokine storm further results in multiple organ failure and lung immunopathology. Therefore, any potential treatments should focus on the direct elimination of viral particles, prevention strategies, and mitigation of the imbalanced (hyperactive) immune system. This review focuses on cytokine secretions of innate and adaptive immune responses against COVID-19, including interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and other chemokines. In addition to the review focus, we discuss potential immunotherapeutic approaches based on relevant pathophysiological features, the systemic immune response against SARS-CoV-2, and data from recent clinical trials and experiments on the COVID-19-associated cytokine storm. Prompt use of these cytokines as diagnostic markers and aggressive prevention and management of the cytokine storm can help determine COVID-19-associated morbidity and mortality. The prophylaxis and rapid management of the cytokine storm appear to significantly improve disease outcomes. For these reasons, this study aims to provide advanced information to facilitate innovative strategies to survive in the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.