ArticleFrontiers in immunology2022
Tim-3 Expression Causes NK Cell Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Patients.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune checkpoints and immunoregulation in metabolic diseases and cancers: pathological mechanisms and therapeutic potential.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Exploring the role of metabolic disorders and gut microbiome in immune checkpoint regulation in cancer: PI3K/AKT/mTOR focus.Journal of physiology and biochemistry · 2026Review
- Peripheral Immune Reprogramming Characterizes a Low C-Peptide Subgroup of Type 2 Diabetes: Transcriptomic Profiling of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Systemic Inflammation.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- Challenges and opportunities of human iPSC-derived NK as "Off-the-shelf" cellular therapies.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2025Review
- Serum copper modulates cognitive function in diabetic patients via an HDL-C-mediated pathway: identification of a 25 µg/dL exploratory threshold.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Article
- Dysregulation of NK cell subsets and phenotypes in COVID-19 patients with comorbid type 2 diabetes.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2025Article
- Role of galectin-9 in the development of gestational diabetes mellitus.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Shared Genomic Features Between Lung Adenocarcinoma and Type 2 Diabetes: A Bioinformatics Study.Biology · 2025Article
- Lymphocyte Subset Imbalance in Cardiometabolic Diseases: Are T Cells the Missing Link?International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Involvement of Tim-3 in Maternal-fetal Tolerance: A Review of Current Understanding.International journal of biological sciences · 2025Review
- Interplay Between Insulin Resistance and Immune Dysregulation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Implications for Therapeutic Interventions.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2025Review
- Exploring immunological alterations of B cells in peripheral immunity via single-cell RNA sequencing: insights into primary membranous nephropathy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Risk factor screening and predictive modeling of time-in-range in patients with T2DM undergoing SIIT therapy.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Changes in the cytotoxic and regulatory functions of NK cells in patients with long-COVID under the influence of the human herpesvirus 6 (pilot study).Rheumatology international · 2024Article
- Article
- The Functional Role and Prognostic Significance of TIM-3 Expression on NK Cells in the Diagnostic Bone Marrows in Acute Myeloid Leukemia.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Metabolism of NK cells during viral infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- A personalized prediction model for urinary tract infections in type 2 diabetes mellitus using machine learning.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- Dysfunction of circulating CD3International journal of medical sciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by high blood glucose levels and chronic low-grade inflammation. It shows a strong association with obesity and immune dysfunction, which makes T2DM patients more susceptible to infectious diseases. NK cells play an important role in pathogen control and tumor surveillance. However, whether NK cell distribution and functional status are altered in T2DM is unclear. To address this issue, we compared surface receptor expression and cytokine production between peripheral blood NK cells from 90 T2DM patients and 62 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. We found a significantly lower frequency and absolute number of NK cells in patients than in controls. Interestingly, the expression of inhibitory receptor Tim-3 was significantly increased, while the expression of the activating receptor NKG2D was significantly decreased, in T2DM NK cells. Both TNF-α secretion and degranulation capacity (evidenced by CD107a expression) were dampened in NK cells from patients. The expression of Tim-3 on NK cells correlated positively with both HbA1c and fasting blood glucose levels and negatively with the percentage and absolute number of total NK cells and was associated with increased NK cell apoptosis. In addition, Tim-3 expression on NK cells negatively correlated with TNF-α production, which could be restored by blocking Galectin-9/Tim-3 pathway. Our results suggest that NK cell dysfunction secondary to augmented Tim-3 expression occurs in T2DM patients, which may partly explain their increased susceptibility to cancer and infectious disease.
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