ArticleFrontiers in immunology2022
Multi-Omics Integration Reveals Only Minor Long-Term Molecular and Functional Sequelae in Immune Cells of Individuals Recovered From COVID-19.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mechanisms and therapeutic prospects of DNA methylation-mucosal innate immunity crosstalk in inflammatory bowel disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Induction of dysfunctional CD14Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Single-cell immune aging clocks reveal inter-individual heterogeneity during infection and vaccination.Nature aging · 2025Article
- Harnessing Epigenetics: Innovative Approaches in Diagnosing and Combating Viral Acute Respiratory Infections.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Different dynamics of soluble inflammatory mediators after clearance of respiratory SARS-CoV-2 versus blood-borne hepatitis C virus infections.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Hematopoietic memory of severe COVID-19 infection.Cell research · 2024Article
- Epigenetic modulation of myeloid cell functions in HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infection.Molecular biology reports · 2024Review
- Epigenetic Control of Innate Immunity: Consequences of Acute Respiratory Virus Infection.Viruses · 2024Review
- Impact of COVID-19, lockdowns and vaccination on immune responses in a HIV cohort in the Netherlands.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment for Long COVID: From Molecular Mechanism to Clinical Practice.Current medical science · 2023Article
- Towards precision medicine: Omics approach for COVID-19.Biosafety and health · 2023Review
- Altered and allele-specific open chromatin landscape reveals epigenetic and genetic regulators of innate immunity in COVID-19.Cell genomics · 2023Article
- Alterations in the immune system persist after one year of convalescence in severe COVID-19 patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
30 authors at 7 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The majority of COVID-19 patients experience mild to moderate disease course and recover within a few weeks. An increasing number of studies characterized the long-term changes in the specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune responses, but how COVID-19 shapes the innate and heterologous adaptive immune system after recovery is less well known. To comprehensively investigate the post-SARS-CoV-2 infection sequelae on the immune system, we performed a multi-omics study by integrating single-cell RNA-sequencing, single-cell ATAC-sequencing, genome-wide DNA methylation profiling, and functional validation experiments in 14 convalescent COVID-19 and 15 healthy individuals. We showed that immune responses generally recover without major sequelae after COVID-19. However, subtle differences persist at the transcriptomic level in monocytes, with downregulation of the interferon pathway, while DNA methylation also displays minor changes in convalescent COVID-19 individuals. However, these differences did not affect the cytokine production capacity of PBMCs upon different bacterial, viral, and fungal stimuli, although baseline release of IL-1Ra and IFN-γ was higher in convalescent individuals. In conclusion, we propose that despite minor differences in epigenetic and transcriptional programs, the immune system of convalescent COVID-19 patients largely recovers to the homeostatic level of healthy individuals.
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Registered trials
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