ReviewFrontiers in cardiovascular medicine2022
Closed-Loop Vagus Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases: State of the Art and Future Directions.
Review in Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Autonomic and neural responses to varying transcutaneous cervical electrical stimulation parameters.Bioelectronic medicine · 2026Article
- A Review of Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Disease: Comprehensive Theory and Evidence for Mechanisms of Action.Comprehensive physiology · 2026Review
- The mechanism and clinical research of vagus nerve electrical stimulation in the treatment of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.iScience · 2026Review
- Device and Procedure for Closed-Loop Endovascular Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Evoked Response Sensing.Neurosurgery · 2026Article
- A structured narrative review on VNS-treated drug-resistant epilepsy: EEG markers, neurochemical mechanisms, and future biomarker-driven computational directions.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Prediction of cardiac cycle duration for cardiac-gated closed-loop auricular vagus nerve stimulation.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Closed-loop bioelectronic block of stellate ganglia reduces neurotransmitter release and improves recovery following programmed ventricular pacing.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
- Balancing the autonomic scale: the promise of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in combating cardiovascular diseases.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- Brain‑heart axis: Neurostimulation techniques in ischemic heart disease (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Artificial Intelligence-Guided Neuromodulation in Heart Failure with Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Future Directions.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2025Review
- A closed loop fully automated wireless vagus nerve stimulation system.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Control of spatiotemporal activation of organ-specific fibers in the swine vagus nerve by intermittent interferential current stimulation.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Neuroimmune circuits in the plaque and bone marrow regulate atherosclerosis.Cardiovascular research · 2025Review
- Recent advances in facilitating the translation of bioelectronic medicine therapies.Current opinion in biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- Advancing organ-on-chip systems: the role of microfluidics in neuro-cardiac research.Current research in pharmacology and drug discovery · 2025Review
- Vagus nerve stimulation for chronic pain management: Mechanisms and clinical advances.Journal of biological methods · 2025Review
- Left and right vagus nerve stimulation: historical perspectives, clinical efficacy, and future directions.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Review
- Long-term infective complications of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: A 22-year follow-up.Clinical parkinsonism & related disorders · 2025Article
- Vagus nerve stimulation: Novel concept for the treatment of glioblastoma and solid cancers by cytokine (interleukin-6) reduction, attenuating the SASP, enhancing tumor immunity.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Review
- Treating heart failure by targeting the vagus nerve.Heart failure reviews · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system exerts a fine beat-to-beat regulation of cardiovascular functions and is consequently involved in the onset and progression of many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Selective neuromodulation of the brain-heart axis with advanced neurotechnologies is an emerging approach to corroborate CVDs treatment when classical pharmacological agents show limited effectiveness. The vagus nerve is a major component of the cardiac neuroaxis, and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a promising application to restore autonomic function under various pathological conditions. VNS has led to encouraging results in animal models of CVDs, but its translation to clinical practice has not been equally successful, calling for more investigation to optimize this technique. Herein we reviewed the state of the art of VNS for CVDs and discuss avenues for therapeutic optimization. Firstly, we provided a succinct description of cardiac vagal innervation anatomy and physiology and principles of VNS. Then, we examined the main clinical applications of VNS in CVDs and the related open challenges. Finally, we presented preclinical studies that aim at overcoming VNS limitations through optimization of anatomical targets, development of novel neural interface technologies, and design of efficient VNS closed-loop protocols.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.