ArticleViruses2022
Hepatitis B Virus Chronic Infection in Blood Donors from Asian and African High or Medium Prevalence Areas: Comparison According to Sex.
Article in Viruses, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus in African blood donors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.EBioMedicine · 2024Pooled it
- Comparison of nucleic acid testing and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in screening Hepatitis-B Virus in blood samples.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Blood donor hepatitis B data: An under-recognized surveillance resource in Canada.Canadian liver journal · 2026Article
- Hepatitis B immune escape and drug resistance mutations among blood donors in Gabon during the year 2022.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Hepatitis B vaccination in Chinese infants (2002-2006, Guangdong): long-term effectiveness in adulthood and biological features of HBV infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Influence of Occult Hepatitis B Infection on Blood Transfusion Safety and Its Countermeasures.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Hepatitis B virus infection, associated factors, knowledge and vaccination status among household contacts of hepatitis B index cases in Mwanza, Tanzania.IJID regions · 2024Article
- Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen among qualified blood donors in Nanjing, China.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 6 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune control of various infectious diseases, particularly viral, was shown to be more efficient for females than males. Response to viral vaccines (HAV, HBV) was higher in females. Data on hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers accumulated over 15 years in blood donors was stratified according to sex, including HBsAg, HBV viral load and levels of anti-HBs in areas where genotypes B and C (China), genotype D (Iran, Lebanon, Tunisia) and genotype E (Ghana, Burkina Faso, Gabon) were prevalent. HBsAg was screened by either ELISA or rapid tests, anti-HBc and anti-HBs by ELISA, HBV DNA load by a standardized method across sites. In Ghanaian children less than 5 years, HBV DNA load was significantly lower in females than in males (p = 0.035). In China, Ghana, Burkina Faso and Gabon blood donors, median HBsAg prevalence was ~5% and 3% in China, ~8.5% and 4.5% in Gabon, ~16% and 11% in Burkina Faso and ~11% and 7% in Ghana for male and female donors, respectively (p < 0.001). In HBsAg+ Ghanaian blood donors, distribution and median viral load were not significantly different between sexes; occult hepatitis B infections (OBI) were significantly more frequent in males. In Chinese blood donor anti-HBc+ and anti-HBs+, anti-HBs levels tended to be higher in males but vaccinated donors’ anti-HBs+ only, while anti-HBs levels were females > males. In areas where genotypes B-E are dominant, the prevalence of chronic HBV infection (HBsAg+) seems better controlled before age 16−18 by females infected vertically or horizontally. OBIs appear considerably more frequent in men, suggesting lower efficacy of HBV infection control. Female blood donors appear significantly safer from HBV than males, and their donation should be encouraged.
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