ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2022
The Coach-Athlete-Parent Relationship: The Importance of the Sex, Sport Type, and Family Composition.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The relationship between social support and mental health in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Pooled it
- Advancements in research on psychological and emotional aspects of student-athletes.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Pooled it
- Cultural differences in motivational pathways linking coach-athlete relationship and self-reported competitive achievement: a cross-cultural study in east and Southeast Asia.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Changes in BMI and Fat Mass and Nutritional Behaviors in Children Between 10 and 14 Years of Age.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Increasing Physical Activity at School Improves Physical Fitness of Early Adolescents.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Managing the Wellbeing of Elite Rugby Union Players from an Occupational Safety and Health Perspective.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Interpersonal relationships exist in many forms within the sport environment. Athlete performance and career direction, at times, depend on their formed sport relationships. Positive and negative interpersonal relationships among the coach, the athlete, and the parent affects many athletes’ behavioral outcomes, such as continued participation. Our research aimed to understand whether the positive and negative processes in the coach, athlete, and parent interpersonal relationships depend on athletes’ sex, age, family composition, sport experience, and the type of sport. To achieve our research purpose, 632 volunteer student-athletes (aged 11−19) completed our survey. Our survey included the Positive and Negative Processes in the Coach−Athlete−Parent (PNPCAP) relationship scale and demographics (i.e., sex, age, family composition, years in competitive sport, and sport type). The study results revealed that positive processes, as measured by the positive PNPCAP subscale, were invariant to our categorical variables. However, participants’ self-ratings of negative PNPCAP-measured processes depended upon sex, sport type, and family makeup. Significant (p < 0.05) two-way interactions revealed boys involved in individual sports and residing without their parents or with one self-reported a higher level of the negative processes. The calculated effect size values with the other groupings were mostly medium in magnitude. The third significant two-way interaction resulted for sport type by family makeup. This two-way interaction revealed individual sport participants without or residing with one parent reported higher levels of negative processes. The effect size values were a mix of small and medium in meaningfulness. In conclusion, while positive Coach−Athlete−Parent processes appear invariant to our measured categorical variables, sex, sport type, and family makeup moderated the negative processes. Further research, such as mixed methods, is required to best understand and provide direction for intervention research to reduce negative processes in youth sport.
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