ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2022
Equity in Out-of-Pocket Payments for Healthcare Services: Evidence from Malaysia.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Addressing health equity through healthcare social enterprises: a qualitative multiple case study of service delivery strategies in Malaysia.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Determinants of distress financing for healthcare service utilization: a convergent mixed-method study at a tertiary hospital in Malaysia.Health policy and planning · 2025Article
- Inequalities in Out-of-Pocket Health Expenditure Measured Using Financing Incidence Analysis (FIA): A Systematic Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Modelling the national economic burden of non-surgical periodontal management in specialist clinics in Malaysia using a markov model.BMC oral health · 2024Article
- Developing criteria for a profession to be considered as profession of allied health in Malaysia: a qualitative study from the Malaysian perspective.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Catastrophic health expenditure associated with non-inpatient costs among middle-aged and older individuals in China.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- The Unmet Needs of Caregiving Skills, Support, Emotions, and Finances of Stroke Caregivers: A Multicenter Study.Cureus · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundOut-of-pocket (OOP) payments are an inequitable mechanism for health financing as their high share of total health expenditures poses a risk of catastrophic healthcare expenditures. This study aimed to assess the distribution and progressivity of OOP payments made by Malaysian households for various group of healthcare services.
methodsThis study utilized data from the Malaysian Household Expenditure Survey (HES) between 2014 and 2015, which involved 14,473 households. Distribution and progressivity of OOP payments were measured through their proportion of household consumption, a concentration curves plot and the Kakwani Progressivity Index (KPI).
resultsThe mean proportion of Malaysian OOP payments for healthcare of household consumption was 1.65%. The proportion increased across households' consumption quintiles, from 1.03% made by the poorest 20% to 1.86% by the richest 20%. The OOP payments in Malaysia were progressive with a positive KPI of 0.0910. The OOP payments made for hospital-based services were the most progressive (KPI 0.1756), followed by medical products, appliances and equipment (KPI 0.1192), pharmaceuticals (0.0925) and outpatient-based services (KPI 0.0394) as the least progressive.
conclusionsOverall, the OOP payments for healthcare services in Malaysia were progressive and equitable as they were more concentrated among the richer households.
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