ReviewPathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2022
The Prevalence and Impact of Coinfection and Superinfection on the Severity and Outcome of COVID-19 Infection: An Updated Literature Review.
Review in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epidemiological characteristics of paediatric COVID-19 and influenza co-infections in the United States, 2020-2024.Epidemiology and infection · 2026Article
- High prevalence and pathogen-specific variations of co-infections in pediatric adenovirus pneumonia: a retrospective epidemiological analysis from Northern China.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Incidence and Risk Factors of Secondary Infections in Critically Ill SARS-CoV-2 Patients: A Retrospective Study in an Intensive Care Unit.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Kinetic Patterns of Antibiotic Consumption in German Acute Care Hospitals from 2017 to 2023.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Poor Prognosis of Pneumococcal Co-Infection in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis.Infection & chemotherapy · 2025Article
- Investigating the Prevalence of Bacterial Infections in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Hospitalized in Intensive Care Unit and Determining their Antibiotic Resistance Patterns.Infectious disorders drug targets · 2025Article
- A pilot study of the impact of bacterial and fungal coinfections on mildly ill COVID-19 patients.Canadian journal of respiratory therapy : CJRT = Revue canadienne de la therapie respiratoire : RCTR · 2025Article
- An Observational Study to Determine the Prevalence of COVID-19 Among Hospitalized Patients With Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacterales Infections and Clinical Outcomes, 10 US Sites, 2020--2022.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Cell-free plasma next-generation sequencing assists in the evaluation of secondary pneumonia in patients with COVID-19: a case series.Epidemiology and infection · 2023Article
- Investigation of microbial coinfection in 453 septic COVID-19 patients admitted to hospital; a retrospective study.Future science OA · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 suppresses TLR4-induced immunity by dendritic cells via C-type lectin receptor DC-SIGN.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Reduced Reliability of Procalcitonin (PCT) as a Biomarker of Bacterial Superinfection: Concerns about PCT-Driven Antibiotic Stewardship in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients-Results from a Retrospective Observational Study in Intensive Care Units.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Respiratory co-infections in COVID-19-positive patients.European journal of medical research · 2023Article
- Coronavirus and co-infections: A Saudi Arabian perspective.Saudi journal of biological sciences · 2023Review
- Early Bacterial Coinfections in Patients Admitted to the ICU With COVID-19 or Influenza: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Critical care explorations · 2023Article
- Impact of viral co-infection on clinical outcomes and mortality of COVID-19 patients: a study from Saudi Arabia.Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine · 2023Article
- Review
- Article
- Incidence and clinical outcomes of bacterial superinfections in critically ill patients with COVID-19.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- A beacon in the dark: COVID-19 course in CVID patients from two European countries: Different approaches, similar outcomes.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Patients with viral illness are at higher risk of secondary infections-whether bacterial, viral, or parasitic-that usually lead to a worse prognosis. In the setting of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may be preceded by a prior microbial infection or has a concurrent or superinfection. Previous reports documented a significantly higher risk of microbial coinfection in SARS-CoV-2-positive patients. Initial results from the United States (U.S.) and Europe found a significantly higher risk of mortality and severe illness among hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 and bacterial coinfection. However, later studies found contradictory results concerning the impact of coinfection on the outcomes of COVID-19. Thus, we conducted the present literature review to provide updated evidence regarding the prevalence of coinfection and superinfection amongst patients with SARS-CoV-2, possible mechanisms underlying the higher risk of coinfection and superinfection in SARS-CoV-2 patients, and the impact of coinfection and superinfection on the outcomes of patients with COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.