ReviewBiomolecules2022
The Blood-Brain Barrier-A Key Player in Multiple Sclerosis Disease Mechanisms.
Review in Biomolecules, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex- and age-specific associations ofAnnals of medicine · 2026Article
- Apigenin as a Potential Modulator of Neuroinflammation in Multiple Sclerosis: A Review.Biology · 2026Review
- Recent Developments in Lipid Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Biotherapeutics and Gene Therapy Across the Blood-Brain Barrier.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Review
- Demyelinating disorders in women: epidemiology, immunology, and clinical implications across MS, NMOSD, and MOGAD.Journal of neurology · 2026Review
- Adjunctive Non-Disease-Modifying Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis: Immunometabolic, Neuroprotective and Remyelination-Oriented Approaches.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Review
- Targeting epigenetic remodeling of the blood-brain barrier: current knowledge for drug therapy.Epigenomics · 2026Review
- CD4+T cell metabolic reprogramming as therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative diseases.Molecular brain · 2026Review
- Targeted Drug Delivery in Animal Models of Demyelination: The Role of Plant-Based Nanoparticles with a Focus on Multiple Sclerosis.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- The Role of Mast Cells and Their Potential as a Therapeutic Target For Neuroinflammation.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
- Neurovascular dysfunction in the development and progression of neuroinflammatory diseases.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Review
- Bloodstream Infection-induced Neuroinflammation: from Systemic Infection To Brain Invasion.Current microbiology · 2025Review
- Hydrogel-based microfluidic model of the blood-brain barrier: progress and future perspectives.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Review
- The Role of the Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Metabolic Dysfunction: A Mini Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Gut microbiota modulates CNS barrier function in murine model for multiple sclerosis.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Article
- Decoding natural products for neuroprotection: Pathway networks and structural insights for drug development.Chinese herbal medicines · 2025Review
- Phased blood-brain barrier disruption in ischaemic stroke: implications for therapy?Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Review
- Sulphonylureas as Adjunct Therapeutic Agents in the Treatment of Autoimmune Conditions: A Narrative Review.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2025Review
- Restoring brain barriers: an innovative approach for treating neurological disorders.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Review
- Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell-Specific HMGB1 Knockout Reduces Immune Cell Infiltration and Demyelination in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Models.Neuroscience bulletin · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Over the past decade, multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic neuroinflammatory disease with severe personal and social consequences, has undergone a steady increase in incidence and prevalence rates worldwide. Despite ongoing research and the development of several novel therapies, MS pathology remains incompletely understood, and the prospect for a curative treatment continues to be unpromising in the near future. A sustained research effort, however, should contribute to a deeper understanding of underlying disease mechanisms, which will undoubtedly yield improved results in drug development. In recent years, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has increasingly become the focus of many studies as it appears to be involved in both MS disease onset and progression. More specifically, neurovascular unit damage is believed to be involved in the critical process of CNS immune cell penetration, which subsequently favors the development of a CNS-specific immune response, leading to the classical pathological and clinical hallmarks of MS. The aim of the current narrative review is to merge the relevant evidence on the role of the BBB in MS pathology in a comprehensive and succinct manner. Firstly, the physiological structure and functions of the BBB as a component of the more complex neurovascular unit are presented. Subsequently, the authors review the specific alteration of the BBB encountered in different stages of MS, focusing on both the modifications of BBB cells in neuroinflammation and the CNS penetration of immune cells. Finally, the currently accepted theories on neurodegeneration in MS are summarized.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.