ReviewFrontiers in immunology2022
Human Breast Milk: From Food to Active Immune Response With Disease Protection in Infants and Mothers.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 94 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
94 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 137 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of breastfeeding in modulating antimicrobial resistance in neonates: a systematic review.Pediatric research · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy and heterogeneity: an exclusive human milk diet for necrotizing enterocolitis prevention in very preterm infants-a systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Non-exclusive breastfeeding is associated with pneumonia and asthma in under-five children: an umbrella review of systematic review and meta-analysis.International breastfeeding journal · 2025Pooled it
- The effect of virtual reality on the breastfeeding process: a randomized controlled study.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2024Trial
- Breast Milk Enema and Meconium Evacuation Among Preterm Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Combined HMOs and α-MFGM Ameliorate LPS-Induced Intestinal Mucosal and Systemic Immune Dysfunction via Modulation of Gut Microbiota.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Association between breastfeeding and neurodevelopmental outcomes after late preterm birth.Pregnancy (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Effects of preterm birth and gestational diabetes on innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in human breast milk.Molecular and cellular pediatrics · 2026Article
- [A quality improvement study to increase the breastfeeding rate in very preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2026Article
- Microchimerism: The Hidden Cellular Dialogue Between Mother and Fetal That Shapes Lifelong Immunity.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Plant-Based Oral Vaccines: Molecular Biotechnology Approaches Toward Functional Food-Based Immunization.Molecular biotechnology · 2026Review
- Breast milk cytokines and infant growth trajectories in a low-income community in Bangladesh.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Nutrition Across the Life Course and Risk of Young-Onset Breast Cancer: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Prevention Opportunities.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Maternal trans-vaccenic acid shapes neonatal T cell development and early-life immune imprinting.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- "Breast is Best": does this also apply to neonatal neuroprotection?Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Shaping the Anti-Infective Status in Infancy.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Human milk: insights on cell composition, organoids and emerging applications.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Exploring human milk donation: A cross-sectional study.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Breastfeeding and complementary feeding knowledge scale: a validated tool for health sciences education.BMC medical education · 2026Article
- Intrauterine Mixed Exposure to Size-Specific Particulate Matter, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Ozone Exposure in Relation to Childhood Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Breastfeeding is associated with long-term wellbeing including low risks of infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases such as asthma, cancer, autoimmune diseases and obesity during childhood. In recent years, important advances have been made in understanding the human breast milk (HBM) composition. Breast milk components such as, non-immune and immune cells and bioactive molecules, namely, cytokines/chemokines, lipids, hormones, and enzymes reportedly play many roles in breastfed newborns and in mothers, by diseases protection and shaping the immune system of the newborn. Bioactive components in HBM are also involved in tolerance and appropriate inflammatory response of breastfed infants if necessary. This review summarizes the current literature on the relationship between mother and her infant through breast milk with regard to disease protection. We will shed some light on the mechanisms underlying the roles of breast milk components in the maintenance of health of both child and mother.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.