Heterogeneous effects of climatic conditions on Andean bean landraces and cowpeas highlight alternatives for crop management and conservation.

The use and conservation of agrobiodiversity have become critical to face the actual and future challenges imposed by climate change. Collecting phytogenetic resources is a first step for their conservation; however, the genetic material must be analysed to understand their potential to improve agricultural resilience and adaptation to the new climatic conditions. We have selected nine Phaseolus vulgaris, one P. lunatus and two Vigna unguiculata landraces from two different climatic backgrounds of the Andean region of South Ecuador and one P. vulgaris commercial cultivar, and we grew them under two different conditions of temperature and humidity (open field and greenhouse). Then, we recorded data for 32 characters of plant architecture, flower and fruit characteristics and yield, and 17 events in the phenology of the plants. We analysed the impact of treatment on species, climatic background, and each of the landraces, and identified both characters and landraces that are mostly affected by changes in their environmental conditions. Overall, higher temperatures were benign for all materials except for two P. vulgaris landraces from cold background, which performed better or developed faster under cold conditions. Finally, we calculated a climate resilience landrace index, which allowed us to classify the landraces by their plasticity to new environmental conditions, and found heterogeneous landrace susceptibility to warmer conditions. Two P. vulgaris landraces were highlighted as critical targets for conservation.