ArticleBrain sciences2022
Kappa Free Light Chains in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Inflammatory and Non-Inflammatory Neurological Diseases.
Article in Brain sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07183020 (Prospective, Multicentric, Real-world Investigation of Kappa Free Light Chains), which is not on this map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Prospective, Multicentric, Real-world Investigation of Kappa Free Light Chains (KFLC) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS)
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Use of Kappa Free Light Chains to Diagnose Multiple Sclerosis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Pooled it
- Kappa Free Light Chain for Diagnosis and Neurofilament Light Chain for Prognosis in Autoimmune Encephalitis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Observational
- CSF κ-Free light chain index in suspected multiple sclerosis: diagnostic performance vs. Oligoclonal bands and alignment with 2017/2024 McDonald criteria.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2026Article
- Diagnostic Value of the Kappa Free Light Chain Index to Distinguish MOGAD, NMOSD, and MS.Neurology · 2026Article
- Kappa free light chain index in multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory CNS diseases: a pilot single-center study from Argentina.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Kappa index: real-world study for assessing cut-off values that provide the best accuracy for multiple sclerosis diagnosis in patients with CIS.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Pilot study of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers reveals inflammatory changes in patients with paranoid schizophrenia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Kappa Free Light Chain Index and Oligoclonal Bands in Varicella Zoster Virus Infection and Neuroborreliosis: A Matter of Timing?European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- The Kappa Free Light Chains Index and Central Vein Sign: Two New Biomarkers for Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis.Neurology and therapy · 2025Review
- Elevated Kappa Index in the Absence of Cerebrospinal Fluid IgG Oligoclonal Bands: Contribution of Intrathecal IgM and IgA Synthesis.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- The role of intrathecal free light chains kappa for the detection of autoimmune encephalitis in subacute onset neuropsychiatric syndromes.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Cerebrospinal Fluid Chloride Is Associated with Disease Activity of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Establishing the best combination of the kappa free light chain index and oligoclonal bands for an accurate diagnosis of multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- A New Laboratory Workflow Integrating the Free Light Chains Kappa Quotient into Routine CSF Analysis.Biomolecules · 2022Article
- Saliva Free Light Chains in Patients with Neuro-Sjögren.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- Evidence for an Intrathecal Immunoglobulin Synthesis by Kappa Free Light Chains in Neurological Patients with an Isolated Band in Isoelectric Focusing.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- Increased T- and B-cells associated with the phenotype of autoimmune limbic encephalitis with mainly memory dysfunction.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundOligoclonal bands represent intrathecal immunoglobulin G (IgG) synthesis and play an important role in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Kappa free light chains (KFLC) are increasingly recognized as an additional biomarker for intrathecal Ig synthesis. However, there are limited data on KFLC in neurological diseases other than MS.
methodsThis study, conducted at two centers, retrospectively enrolled 346 non-MS patients. A total of 182 patients were diagnosed with non-inflammatory and 84 with inflammatory neurological diseases other than MS. A further 80 patients were classified as symptomatic controls. Intrathecal KFLC production was determined using different approaches: KFLC index, Reiber's diagram, Presslauer's exponential curve, and Senel's linear curve.
resultsMatching results of oligoclonal bands and KFLC (Reiber's diagram) were frequently observed (93%). The Reiber's diagram for KFLC detected intrathecal KFLC synthesis in an additional 7% of the patient samples investigated (4% non-inflammatory; 3% inflammatory), which was not found by oligoclonal band detection.
conclusionsThe determination of both biomarkers (KFLC and oligoclonal bands) is recommended for routine diagnosis and differentiation of non-inflammatory and inflammatory neurological diseases. Due to the high sensitivity and physiological considerations, the assessment of KFLC in the Reiber's diagram should be preferred to other evaluation methods.
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