ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2022
Ethnic Diversity and Warfarin Pharmacogenomics.
Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of stable warfarin dose in patients of African ancestry.Blood advances · 2024Pooled it
- Nontherapeutic INR After Hospital Discharge: A Repeated-Measures Analysis of Warfarin-Treated Patients and Potential Drug-Drug Interactions.Clinics and practice · 2026Article
- Bridging Ancestry-Stratified Bias in Pharmacogenomics AI: Toward Metabolomics-Inclusive Multi-Omics Precision Medicine.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- Fixed dose versus 3-day loading dose warfarin initiation in atrial fibrillation: effects on INR stabilization and time in the therapeutic range.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2026Article
- Article
- A functional ancestry-linked regulatory haplotype influences CYP2D6 expression.The pharmacogenomics journal · 2026Article
- Artificial Intelligence and Multi-Omics in Pharmacogenomics: A New Era of Precision Medicine.Mayo Clinic proceedings. Digital health · 2025Review
- Major Allele Frequencies inJournal of personalized medicine · 2025Review
- Bridging the United States population diversity gaps in clinical research: roadmap to precision health and reducing health disparities.Personalized medicine · 2025Review
- A Chinese patient with cardiogenic stroke and warfarin resistance: a case report.BMC neurology · 2025Article
- Implementation of pre-emptive testing of a pharmacogenomic panel in clinical practice: Where do we stand?British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2025Review
- Pharmacogenomics and its Role in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Narrative Literature Review.Current cardiology reviews · 2025Review
- Representation and generalizability in clinical research: Back to basics.Journal of clinical and translational science · 2025Article
- New insights into the role of VKORC1 polymorphisms for optimal warfarin dose selection in Caribbean Hispanic patients through an external validation of a population PK/PD model.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2024Article
- Chinese stroke patients with atrial fibrillation used Robert's age-adjusted warfarin loading protocol obtained good INR results within therapeutic range.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Pharmacogenomics: current status and future perspectives.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2023Review
- Advancing Precision Medicine in Paediatrics: Past, present and future.Cambridge prisms. Precision medicine · 2023Review
- Pharmacogenomics implementation in cardiovascular disease in a highly diverse population: initial findings and lessons learned from a pilot study in United Arab Emirates.Human genomics · 2022Article
- Drug-Drug-Gene Interactions in Cardiovascular Medicine.Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine · 2022Review
- A genome-wide association study of plasma concentrations of warfarin enantiomers and metabolites in sub-Saharan black-African patients.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Warfarin has remained the most commonly prescribed vitamin K oral anticoagulant worldwide since its approval in 1954. Dosing challenges including having a narrow therapeutic window and a wide interpatient variability in dosing requirements have contributed to making it the most studied drug in terms of genotype-phenotype relationships. However, most of these studies have been conducted in Whites or Asians which means the current pharmacogenomics evidence-base does not reflect ethnic diversity. Due to differences in minor allele frequencies of key genetic variants, studies conducted in Whites/Asians may not be applicable to underrepresented populations such as Blacks, Hispanics/Latinos, American Indians/Alaska Natives and Native Hawaiians/other Pacific Islanders. This may exacerbate health inequalities when Whites/Asians have better anticoagulation profiles due to the existence of validated pharmacogenomic dosing algorithms which fail to perform similarly in the underrepresented populations. To examine the extent to which individual races/ethnicities are represented in the existing body of pharmacogenomic evidence, we review evidence pertaining to published pharmacogenomic dosing algorithms, including clinical utility studies, cost-effectiveness studies and clinical implementation guidelines that have been published in the warfarin field.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.