ArticleInternational journal of women's health2022
Self-Reported Menstrual Alterations During the COVID-19 Syndemic in Spain: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Article in International journal of women's health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Axes of social inequities in COVID-19 clinical trials: A systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Menstrual cycles during COVID-19 lockdowns: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2022Pooled it
- The Impact of Long COVID on the Female Reproductive System: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Robust Bayesian Model Averaging Meta-Analysis of Menstrual Disorders in COVID-19 Survivors: A Methodological Meta-Analysis Study.Health science reports · 2025Article
- The potential bidirectional relationship between long COVID and menstruation.Nature communications · 2025Article
- The impact of COVID-19 infection on ART outcomes: a multicenter retrospective cohort study.Journal of ovarian research · 2025Article
- A Cross-Sectional Study on Post-COVID-19 Menstrual Abnormalities in Women of Reproductive Age Group at a Tertiary Care Hospital.Obstetrics and gynecology international · 2025Article
- Review
- Changes in menstrual cycles among Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study.International journal of reproductive biomedicine · 2024Article
- COVID-19 and abnormal uterine bleeding: potential associations and mechanisms.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2024Review
- Menstrual characteristics and associations with sociodemographic factors and self-rated health in Spain: a cross-sectional study.BMC women's health · 2024Article
- COVID-19: a multi-organ perspective.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- SARS-CoV-2, fertility and assisted reproduction.Human reproduction update · 2023Review
- Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2023Review
- Female reproductive health impacts of Long COVID and associated illnesses including ME/CFS, POTS, and connective tissue disorders: a literature review.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2023Review
- Menstrual Changes after COVID-19 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination.International journal of clinical practice · 2022Article
- Menstrual health and management during the COVID-19 syndemic in the Barcelona area (Spain): A qualitative study.Women's health (London, England)Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Available evidence suggests that there might be an association between the stressors experienced during the COVID-19 syndemic and changes in menstrual patterns. The aim of this study was to assess self-reported menstrual alterations during the COVID-19 syndemic among women and people who menstruate aged 18-55 in Spain. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional online survey-based study was conducted (March-July 2021). Descriptive statistics were calculated and multivariate logistic regression models were constructed. This study was conducted as part of the "Equity and Menstrual Health in Spain" research project. Results: Among participants (N=17,455), 39.4% reported menstrual alterations since the start of the syndemic. Participants self-reporting long COVID-19 presented higher odds of menstrual alterations (aOR: 1.34, 95% CI, 1.15-1.57). In participants with no history of COVID-19, the risk for self-reported menstrual alterations was significantly higher based on employment situation, among participants experiencing financial issues (eg, financial issues always/many times <12 months: aOR: 1.68, 95% CI, 1.48-1.90), poorer self-perceived health (eg, poor: aOR: 2.00, 95% CI, 1.31-3.07), and those diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (aOR: 1.13, 95% CI, 1.02-1.26). Among participants with a self-reported COVID-19 diagnosis, factors that significantly increased the odds for menstrual alterations were experiencing financial strains (eg, financial issues always/many times <12 months: aOR: 1.53, 95% CI, 1.09-2.14), poorer self-perceived health (eg, poor: aOR: 3.09, 95% CI, 1.01-9.52). Overall, factors that decreased the odds of reporting menstrual alterations included age >25, being a carer, not having a gynecological condition and using hormonal contraception. Discussion and conclusions: Findings suggest an impact of the COVID-19 syndemic on menstrual patterns. Social inequities in reporting menstrual alterations were identified. While the risk of reporting menstrual alterations was higher among participants with long COVID-19, evidence is not conclusive. Further research on menstrual health in the context of COVID-19 is needed, also to inform policy and practice.
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