ReviewActa ophthalmologica2022
Review on the possible pathophysiological mechanisms underlying visual display terminal-associated dry eye disease.
Review in Acta ophthalmologica, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Meta-analysis of visual fatigue based on visual display terminals.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Pooled it
- Topical diquafosol versus hyaluronic acid for the treatment of dry eye disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2023Pooled it
- A scoping review of integrated blink analysis technologies for ocular surface diseases.Eye (London, England) · 2026Review
- BlinkNet-Q: A Deep Learning-Based Software for Real-Time Blink Rate Quantification and Incomplete-Blink Pattern Recognition.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- Review
- Objective Assessment of Visual Workload in Video Display Terminal Workers Using a Non-Invasive Monitoring System.La Medicina del lavoro · 2026Observational
- The relationship between problematic smartphone use and dry eye disease symptom severity among Qatar University students: A cross-sectional study.Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- Dual Evaluation ofJournal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Identification of a blink frequency threshold for maintaining tear film stability in young adults with dry eye symptoms.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Polyphenol-Loaded Nanodevices as Innovative Therapeutic Strategies for Dry Eye Disease: Advances and Perspectives.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Electronic device exposure and dry eye symptoms among medical and nonmedical Palestinian university students: a multicenter cross-sectional study of associated factors.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Long-term ocular complications after kidney transplantation.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- The Effect of Four Hours of Continuous Personal Computer (PC) Gaming on the Development of Dry Eye Symptoms in College Students.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
- Effectiveness of an Acupuncture Steam-Warming Eye Mask on Dry Eye Disease in Visual Display Terminal Users: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Article
- Safety and Efficacy of Photocatalytic Micro-Mist Desktop Humidifier for Dry Eye Caused by Digital Environment: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Effect of Acupuncture on Tear Proteomics in Patients with Video Display Terminal-Related Dry Eye.Journal of proteome research · 2024Article
- Prevalence of dry eye disease among IT students in Pakistan.International ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Environmental and Occupational Triggers of Dry Eye Symptoms in the Ahsa Region of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundVisual display terminal (VDT) use is a key risk factor for dry eye disease (DED). Visual display terminal (VDT) use reduces the blink rate and increases the number of incomplete blinks. However, the exact mechanisms causing DED development from VDT use have yet to be clearly described. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to conduct a review on pathophysiological mechanisms promoting VDT-associated DED.
methodsA PubMed search of the literature investigating the relationship between dry eye and VDT was performed, and relevance to pathophysiology of DED was evaluated.
findingsFifty-five articles met the inclusion criteria. Several pathophysiological mechanisms were examined, and multiple hypotheses were extracted from the articles. Visual display terminal (VDT) use causes DED mainly through impaired blinking patterns. Changes in parasympathetic signalling and increased exposure to blue light, which could disrupt ocular homeostasis, were proposed in some studies but lack sufficient scientific support. Together, these changes may lead to a reduced function of the tear film, lacrimal gland, goblet cells and meibomian glands, all contributing to DED development.
conclusionVisual display terminal (VDT) use appears to induce DED through both direct and indirect routes. Decreased blink rates and increased incomplete blinks increase the exposed ocular evaporative area and inhibit lipid distribution from meibomian glands. Although not adequately investigated, changes in parasympathetic signalling may impair lacrimal gland and goblet cell function, promoting tear film instability. More studies are needed to better target and improve the treatment and prevention of VDT-associated DED.
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Registered trials
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