Modeling the oxygen transport to the myocardium at maximal exercise at high altitude.

Exposure to high altitude induces a decrease in oxygen pressure and saturation in the arterial blood, which is aggravated by exercise. Heart rate (HR) at maximal exercise decreases when altitude increases in prolonged exposure to hypoxia. We developed a simple model of myocardial oxygenation in order to demonstrate that the observed blunting of maximal HR at high altitude is necessary for the maintenance of a normal myocardial oxygenation. Using data from the available scientific literature, we estimated the myocardial venous oxygen pressure and saturation at maximal exercise in two conditions: (1) with actual values of maximal HR (decreasing with altitude); (2) with sea-level values of maximal heart rate, whatever the altitude (no change in HR). We demonstrated that, in the absence of autoregulation of maximal HR, myocardial tissue oxygenation would be incompatible with life above 6200 m-7600 m, depending on the hypothesis concerning a possible increase in coronary reserve (increase in coronary blood flow at exercise). The decrease in maximal HR at high altitude could be explained by several biological mechanisms involving the autonomic nervous system and its receptors on myocytes. These experimental and clinical observations support the hypothesis that there exists an integrated system at the cellular level, which protects the myocardium from a hazardous disequilibrium between O