ArticleTranslational vision science & technology2022
Transient Eye Shortening During Reading Text With Inverted Contrast: Effects of Refractive Error and Letter Size.
Article in Translational vision science & technology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association between screen time exposure and myopia in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Sustained Plus Lens Defocus Alters Retinal Responses and Ciliary Muscle Morphology In Myopes and Near-emmetropes.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Mesopic Illumination in Natural Environments: Implications for Myopia Research.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Differential regulation of myopia progression by ON and OFF stimulation in guinea pigs.Eye and vision (London, England) · 2026Article
- The Potential of Self-Controlled Focus for Myopia Prevention: A Pilot Study Using a Mobile Phone.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- One-Year Efficacy and Tolerance of Myofix Defocus Spectacles for Control of Myopia Progression.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Article
- Retinal Responses to Short- and Longer-Term Predominant ON or OFF Stimulation in Emmetropes and Myopes.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Foveal neural adaptation to optically induced contrast reduction.Journal of vision · 2024Article
- Loss of ON-Pathway Function in Mice Lacking Lrit3 Decreases Recovery From Lens-Induced Myopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Impact of Forms of Visual Attenuation on Short-Term Eye Changes Under Controlled Reading Visibility.Eye and brain · 2024Article
- ON and OFF receptive field processing in the presence of optical scattering.Biomedical optics express · 2023Article
- IMI-The Dynamic Choroid: New Insights, Challenges, and Potential Significance for Human Myopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Review
- Differences in visual stimulation between reading and walking and implications for myopia development.Journal of vision · 2023Article
- Choroidal Thickness in Early Postnatal Guinea Pigs Predicts Subsequent Naturally Occurring and Form-Deprivation Myopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: Myopes have a reduced ability to elicit transient axial eye shortening after imposed positive defocus, which may be due to changes in the biochemical signaling cascade controlling choroidal thickness. We have investigated whether reading with inverted text contrast can still elicit transient axial eye shortening in myopes, like it has been shown in emmetropes. Methods: Changes in axial length before and after reading were measured with the Lenstar LS-900. Text with inverted contrast was read from a large screen at 2 m distance (angular subtense 35.9°, screen luminance matched in all conditions to 86 ± 7 cd/m²) for 30 minutes. Moreover, we investigated the effects of letter sizes. Two text sizes were tested: "small" text (letter height 13.75 arcmin) and "large" text (letter height 34.39 arcmin). Results: Reading text with inverted contrast induced eye shortening (-10.2 ± 9.5 µm) in myopic eyes (n = 11; refraction -3.5 ± 1.9 diopters [D]), showing that an inhibitory signal was still generated by the retina as in emmetropes. In 15 subjects (refraction +1.7 to -4.2 D) we found that small text does not elicit significant differences in axial length (P = 0.09). However, with large text, changes in axial length were clearly different for the both contrast polarities (standard contrast, +1.7 ± 9.0 µm; inverted contrast, -9.7 ± 8.9 µm; P = 0.0017). Conclusions: Although positive defocus may not be an effective intervention to inhibit further eye growth in myopes, other visual stimuli can still trigger choroidal thickening and possibly generate signals to decrease myopia progression. Translational Relevance: Our results have shown the optimized text features, which may have a positive impact on myopia control.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.